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Item Application of Asymmetric-GARCH Type Models to The Kenyan Exchange Rates(EJ-MATH, European Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 2023-08-31) Wagala , Adolphus; et.al.Modelling and forecasting the volatility of a financial time series has become essential in many economic and financial applications like portfolio optimization and risk management. The symmetric-GARCH type models can capture volatility and leptokurtosis. However, the models fail to capture leverage effects, volatility clustering, and the thick tail property of high-frequency financial time series. The main objective of this study was to apply the asymmetric-GARCH type models to Kenyan exchange to overcome the shortcomings of symmetric-GARCH type models. The study compared the asymmetric Conditional Heteroskedasticity class of models: EGARCH, TGARCH, APARCH, GJR-GARCH, and IGARCH. Secondary data on the exchange rate from January 1993 to June 2021 were obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya website. The best fit model is determined based on parsimony of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Log Likelihood criterion, and minimisation of prediction production errors (Mean error [ME] and Root Mean Absolute error [RMAE]). The optimal variance equation for the exchange rates data was APARCH (1,1) - ARMA (3,0) model with a skewed normal distribution (AIC = -4.6871, BIC = -4.5860). Volatility clustering was present in exchange rate data with evidence of the leverage effect. Estimated Kenya’s exchange rate volatility narrows over time, indicating sustained exchange rate stabilityItem ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF COMPLIANCE OF MOTOR CYCLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATORS WITH ROAD SAFETY REGULATIONS IN GUCHA SUB COUNTY.(African Journal of Social, 2024-10-20) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The study examines the impacts of compliance of motor cycle public transport operators with road safety regulations. The study focused on Gucha sub-county within Kisii County in Kenya. The entire population of this sub-county is ninety-three thousand five hundred and thirty people. This was the target population with emphasis on four groups of people thus riders, passengers, traffic police and health professionals. The sample size of this study was 220 which was attained using simple random sampling method. The tools that were used to collect data include questionnaire with structured and unstructured questions and an interview guide. The pilot study was conducted in Nyaribari Chache sub-county within Kisii County. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics by organizing it into frequency distribution tables and percentages. The study found that adherence to road safety regulations enhances personal safety, albeit at increased operational costs. Evidence shows reduced accidents, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced operational efficiency, highlighting the benefits and challenges of compliance in enhancing overall safety and service quality. By doing so, they are not only able to improve the safety results but also optimize the efficacy regarding the motorcycle public transport in the region, which can lead to the sustainability of the particular companies and their ability to withstand the regulatory changes. There is an urgent need to strengthen the performance of measures relating to enforcement of the existing road safety legal requirements. Policy makers should encourage the operators to put more funds into safety by allowing any form of tax credit for capital expenditure to be deposited in new safety equipment and other improved infrastructure.Item ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE CAUSES OF ACTS OF TERRORISM IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA(GUSAU JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, 2024-05-01) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Nowadays, terrorism is one of the biggest problems confronting the world. Terrorism and insecurity pose significant global concerns and Nigeria has been bedeviled by a number of security challenges, the most prominent being that of Boko Haram. Worldwide, terrorism continues to become more concentrated, with 57 countries reporting a terror attack in 2022, compared to 59 in 2021 and 74 in 2015 when terrorism reached its peak. Terrorism was most concentrated in the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa, where 65 per cent of attacks in the region took place in the ten countries in the region. In Nigeria, the impact of terrorism, however, witnessed a temporal decline; with total deaths falling by 23 per cent, decreasing from 497 in 2021 to 385 in 2022.This study assessed public perception on the causes of acts of terrorism in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. In Jos North, a combination of factors-economic, political and identity - has instigated violence over the years, producing segregation in the city mainly along ethnic lines. The sample for this study is made up of four hundred and twenty (420) respondents drawn from a total population of 917,000, using a combination of probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The study sample was determined using the sample size determination table by Krejcie and Morgan. The survey gathered responses from 403 out of 420, with a response rate of 96%. Data were analyzed through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. The study was guided by the social structure and anomie theory. It was found from this study that respondents attributed the causes of acts of terrorism in the study area to political marginalization, injustice, poverty, unemployment, and negative religious teaching. The consequences of terrorism are significant and have wide-ranging impacts on the community by way of economic and social disruption. In light of the above findings, the study recommends the need to address political marginalization through inclusive governance, tackling injustice through fair legal systems, implementing policies to mitigate poverty, reduce unemployment and promote positive teachings to counteract negative influences. Additionally, there is the need to encourage community engagement and education, to mitigate the root causes of terrorism.Item Challenges and Opportunities of the African Union Peer Review Mechanism (AUPRM) in Enhancing Electoral Democracy Kenya Since 2003(IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2024) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.he Post-Cold War African Union (AU) adopted a good number of initiatives to address the seemingly perennial problems of poverty, underdevelopment, bad governance, corruption, instability and political decay, with an overarching intention of speeding up development in the continent. One notable initiative in this regard was the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). APRM’s ideological architecture represented a shift in the ideological thinking of African leaders as they sought to reverse the trend of lack of accountability, political despotism and corruption in an effort to embrace and enhance good governance and electoral democracy. Despite, the application of Peer Reviews, conflicts are still rampant and endless threat to peace and security in the continent. Although Kenya has undergone two APRM self-assessment processes, electoral violence and electoral malpractice still bedevils the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the challenges and opportunities of APRM in the promotion of Electoral Democracy in Kenya. The study was guided by Political Realism, Innovative Diplomatic and Neo-Functionalism Theories. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population included the actors and stakeholders in the APRM process. The sample size was 48. Purposive, census, stratified random sampling were used to determine samples. The questionnaire, interview schedule and FGD were used with Quantitative data being analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses were themed and frequencies done. The study established that political interference, inadequate staff, influence of partners, resource constrains, low publicity, delays and postponements, lack of evaluation, lack of an enforcement mechanism and voluntary participation as the main challenges facing APPM in Kenya. The study also identifies opportunities such APRM being benchmark for good governance on international standards, it gives a chance to evaluate governance, APRM helps in mainstreaming of the civil society on governance. Furthermore, it shows cases the country and gives the country an opportunity to evaluate national initiatives and enhance state corporation. The study recommended an all-inclusive process to limit state influence over the APRM process at all stages citing that APRM should be all inclusive. The study also recommended the adoption of an enforcement mechanism to enable implementation. The findings would be beneficial to partner-states of APRM with regard to promotion of Electoral Democracy.Item The Church as an Agent of Behavioural Change:(International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 2022-06-30) Korir, Simion Kiprotich; Ayanga, Hazel; et.al.The church is tasked with the responsibility of being a transformative agent. Societal transformation is an integral part of the church’s mission that is complementary to the focal mission which is relay the Good News of Jesus Christ, invite populations to repentance and cultivates faith alongside baptizing them. Minimal studies exist that suggest practical mechanisms that the church can use to discourage Christian youth from engagement in unproductive political activities. This paper explores ways in which the church can affect behavioral change among young people in an effort to guide the young people who decide to engage in political activities. The main objective was to establish on how the church can become an agent of behavioral change. It is evident that some young people are bribed to engage in negative behaviour in times of political electioneering. They accept the money because they are unemployed and generally live below the poverty line. The article explores what the church can do to change this trend. The study established that some Christian youth who engage in political activities do so because of dire conditions that threaten their survival. Additionally, the church has a significant role to play as an agent of behavioural change and subsequently guide the youth to engage in productive politics. The study recommends that youth should be guided through structured workshops, trainings, and mentorship programs to help them make the right decision on whether or not to engage in unproductive political activities.Item Determinants on How Training And Nature Influences Public Participation In Governance In Narok County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The global development is a major target of the World Bank through consideration of the diverse opinions. The millennium development goals fully support the global development. In various continents such as Europe, considering the opinions from the citizen in governance and in policy formulation is important. In Africa, different bodies are campaigning for inclusion and considerations of the citizen opinions from different perspectives without any form of discriminations as far as governance processes are concerned. The promulgation of the Kenyan constitution (2010) opened room for citizen participation by supporting participatory governance as a principle which binds government stakeholders; unfortunately there is improper public involvement in policy process in some Counties. Over the years, Kenya has little by little shifted from centralized to a decentralized form of governance; The 47 counties in Kenya have gradually moved to such form of governance by including public participation in their legislations, while a county like Narok which is among the 47 counties rarely conduct public participation while making county by-laws. The paper therefore, determines how training and nature influences public participation in governance in Narok County. Four theories were used: constraints theory, stakeholder’s theory, Arnstein’s participation ladder theory and the theory of moral unity in governance ethics. A descriptive research study was used. Since the target population was 800,000, sample size of 384 was used according to Mugenda and Mugenda in relation to target population. Stratified random sampling was used. The data was collected by the use of questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 27 and presented in percentages, frequencies and tables. The findings indicated that lack of training in governance and sensitizations of the citizen affects the effectiveness of public participation. The study recommends that the county management team and administrators should ensure that there is training and sensitization of public members, allocation of funds and practice of good governance which embraces equality, participation, democracy, transparency, accountability, efficiency and equality.Item DO SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-REGULATION AFFECT KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR? EVIDENCE FROM KENYAN UNIVERSITIES: INTELLIGENCE UNMASKED(Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 2019-12-30) Biwott, Geoffrey; et.al.Universities have been identified as an accelerated centers of Knowledge sharing and changing behaviors of scholars as a critical asset for universities and this study paper deepens the understanding that Self-Awareness and Self-Regulation affect Knowledge Sharing Behavior among academic staff at universities in Kenya as an intelligence drive for modern universities in Kenya in harnessing knowledge to explore intelligence-sharing behaviors. Both concepts are individual responses as they understand and know one another even in Universities to strive for improved knowledge sharing between individuals. The study aimed at examining whether Self-Awareness and Self-Regulation affects Knowledge Sharing Behaviors among academic staff at universities in Kenya. Explanatory study was used to target a population of 6,423 and a sample size of 376 academic staff academic staff at Kenyan universities in Nairobi County was selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The findings of the research revealed that self-awareness (β = 0.37, p<0.05), and self-regulation (β = 0.11, p<0.05), had a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing behavior. Also R was 81% and R2 was 66%. Concluding that emotional self-awareness and self regulation are crucial to transforming universities in Kenya in achieving knowledge sharing behavior. Self-awareness and self-regulation in universities in Kenya have relatively been downplayed by government, respective institutions and scholars especially in harnessing knowledge yet the study contributes immensely that for leadership of universities in Kenya to drive, staff who must be self aware and self-regulated in their emotions for free exchange of ideas and knowledge sharingItem Effectiveness of Multitrack Diplomacy Actors in Critical Assessment of Kenya’s Presidential Election Outcomes, 2007-2017(Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2021-08-23) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.In Kenya’s last four presidential elections, election observers had been seriously looked upon by both the Kenyan voters and the international community to provide alternative but credible information on the process and outcomes of presidential elections in Kenya. This was expected to promote legitimacy of the outcomes. Given that there was a dearth of specific scholarship to address the question, this study was conducted. This paper therefore examines the effectiveness of multitrack diplomacy in monitoring Kenya’s presidential election outcomes. The study was epistemological. It was conducted in 8 of the 17 constituencies of Nairobi City County which hosts the Kenya’s largest city and its capital with a natural representation of the population of the entire country. Out of the over 4 million residents of Nairobi City County, total sample size was 441 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 25 key informant interview respondents). The study reached 436 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 20 key informant interview respondents) out of 4 million people. Targeted were Kenya citizens who had voted at least once for a presidential candidate in any of the presidential elections held between 2007 and 2017 for the survey; individuals working with and for government institutions in Kenya’s electoral systems especially the election management body, ministry of foreign affairs, members of parliament, the Chief Justice, pollsters, the media, non-governmental organizations, religious institutions across all faiths as to Muslims, Christians and Hindu, major political parties, former election observers and diplomatic missions. The study found that multitrack diplomacy (MTD) actors or election observer missions (EOMs) observed election irregularities to above 50%. They detected electoral fraud in the 2007 presidential elections, identified election irregularities in the 2013 and the 2017 presidential elections but could not deter nor prevent outcome fraud. The paper, based on the study, concluded that multitrack diplomacy actors that monitored the presidential elections were fairly effective, they had reasonable capacity, fairly above 50%. Overall, multitrack diplomacy is effective in monitoring of Kenya’s presidential election but inefficacious in preventing and deterring election outcome fraud. Multitrack diplomacy actors-the election observation missions (EOMs) to use enhanced technology to match the electoral systems technology, improve on their objectivity during monitoring and be granted full accesses by governments and election management bodies (EMBs) for systematic, comprehensive and accurate monitoring.Item Forms Of Human-Wildlife Conflict That Exists In Transmara West Sub County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-09-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The Wildlife human conflicts, which is seen as a result of the problem of resource utilization in conservation areas has affected the economic development of the Maa community living around the wildlife inhabited areas. It’s on this basis that the study sought to investigate on forms of human-wildlife conflict that exists in Transmara West and their effects on economic development of the Maa community. The target population of the study comprised of 450 respondents which was stratified into; members of the Maa community, the wild life wardens, chiefs and sub chiefs and officials of Transmara West Sub County. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviewed guides. The reliability of the collected data was ensured through the test-retest technique while the Pearson methods were used to obtain correlation coefficient of 0.7. The analyzed data was presented by use of descriptive statistics. Study findings indicated that most people have been victims of human wildlife conflict, crop destruction and injuries caused by wild animals is eminent. Deaths and predation of domesticated animals by dangerous wild animals was supported by 91% of response rate indicating that it was on a high rise. Therefore, the study recommends that Maa community and its subsidiary clans should be educated about the importance of resource management. Explore and encourage new and innovative mitigation measures based on current and emerging conflict issues and outreach to the Maa community surrounding the wildlife areas to help in diffusing conflict situations.Item GEO-POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING KENYA AND TANZANIA FOREIGN POLICY BEHAVIOR SINCE 1967(Journal of Defense Resources Management, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The question regarding the extent to which foreign policy influences regionalism is subject to debate. This issue is still emotive, fluid, speculative and anchored on conjecture. The study assessed geopolitical factors influencing Kenya and Tanzania foreign policy behavior since 1967. The study was guided by Two Good theory, Neoclassical Realism and Neo-functionalism theories. Historical, cross cultural and descriptive research designs were used. The study area was Kenya and Tanzania and the population was citizens of the two states with the target population being cross border business community, government officials in Ministries of EAC and Foreign Affairs, and EAC organisms - the Secretariat and Legislative Assembly on which purposive sampling was used. A sample size of 384 respondents was created from the total population using the Gomm (2008) formula. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Instruments of data collection were : questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that geopolitical factors influencing Kenya’s and Tanzania’s foreign policies are to a large extent similar and that they have direct impact on the foreign policies of both states. That strategic location of both states as a geo-strategic factor affects both, though with significant differences. Kenya’s location astride the volatile Horn of Africa has complicated its security, thus influencing its foreign policy behavior. The study recommends that in view of the similarities in geopolitical factors that influence Kenya’s and Tanzania’s foreign policy behavior, the two states should cooperate and harmonise their foreign policies to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding and naked and open rivalry that can thrust the region into political and economic paralysis.Item Impacts of Using Multi Agency Command Centre Strategy on National Security at Isebania Trans-Border, Migori County, Kenya(Open Access Library Journal, 2023-09-23) Odhiambo , Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al.National Security of any nation is the epitome of development and prosperity. The term evolved from simpler definitions that emphasized freedom from military threat and from political coercion. A nation has security when it has the ability to preserve the nation’s physical integrity and territory, to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms, to preserve its nature, institutions and governance against disruption from outside; and control its borders. The study examined the impacts of using Multi Agency Command Centre Strategy on National security at Isebania transborder, Migori County, Kenya. The study employed Decision Theory. Survey design was utilized which involved collection of data on a number of variables. Target population comprised of 980 persons (800 business persons, 70 village elders, 60 border Officers, 43 Police Officers, 6 Chiefs and 1 Assistant county commissioner (ACCs). The study considered a 30% of each category of sample population and therefore, the sample size for the study was 294 (240 business men and women, 21 village elders, 18 border officers, 12 police officers and 2 chiefs, 1 ACC). Interviews, Questionnaires, and Focus group discussion tools were used to collect data from the respondents. Data was analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The result was presented in form of graphs. Findings revealed that Multi-Agency Command Centre as a strategy views border security with a bird’s eye view, as used by Foucault where in our case multi-agency command center as both security planning and a coordination tool where all the relevant leaders in an emergency gather under one chair to plan, execute and pool resources and harness synergies as evidenced by this research as the public view it. This does not mean that the tool is ineffective by virtue of the fact that the public is not knowledgeable, but its ineffectiveness is demonstrated by dence that National Intelligence Service does not detect and curb crime. Therefore, the study recommends that training needs to be enhanced more, especially on trust leaders about Multi-Agency Command Centre and competencies instilled on how to lead and better harness the synergies of all participating agencies as per their specialization. There is dire need to deploy more intelligence personnel at the borders to improve effectiveness of securing our borders.Item Influence Of Public Trust in the Police on Crime Reporting Behavior in Kamukunji Subcounty, Nairobi County, Kenya(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-06-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Crime reporting behavior plays a pivotal role in effective law enforcement and crime prevention, yet global underreporting persists due to diverse cultural, social, and institutional factors. Within Kamukunji Sub-County, a substantial portion of crimes, about 40%, remains unreported annually, highlighting significant discrepancies in official crime data. This research aims to assess how perceived police responsiveness, confidence in police integrity, willingness to cooperate with police, and satisfaction with police services influence crime reporting behavior. Employing a mixed-method approach drawing from the Perceived Behavioral Control and Socio Ecological Model, the study utilizes quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather insights. The analysis reveals that residents' perceptions of police responsiveness significantly impact crime reporting behavior in Kamukunji Sub-County. Issues such as delayed police response, perceived ineffectiveness, and lack of preparedness among responding officers contribute to widespread dissatisfaction. Furthermore, deficiencies in follow-up actions and communication from law enforcement agencies exacerbate trust deficits and hinder formal crime reporting. Examining confidence in police integrity uncovers pervasive skepticism and distrust among residents, particularly concerning honesty, ethical conduct, and fairness in treatment. Dissatisfaction with the transparency and accountability of police operations further diminishes trust and cooperation with law enforcement, hindering efforts to promote crime reporting behaviors. Residents' willingness to engage with law enforcement and report crimes is influenced by trust deficits and gaps between expectations and perceived reality regarding police effectiveness and accountability. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address trust deficits, enhance community engagement, and promote cooperation with law enforcement agencies to ensure effective crime reporting and community safety in Kamukunji Sub-County.Item Investigation Into Security Strategies on Crime Management by the United Nations Mission in Unity State, South Sudan(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-05-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.It is historical reality that thousands of people have been exposed to all forms of crimes in communities. Those affected by crime are men, women, children, youth, and some elders and this directly affect economic and social development in Countries. To obtain sustainable peace, it require an essential on the security strategy to formulate to prevent and prosecute the perpetrators thus reducing the number of crimes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the security strategies on crime management by the United Nations mission in Unity State, South Sudan. The study was guided by the social conflict theory explaining the context of the problem. The research methodology and resign was interpretive approach and descriptive survey research design respectively. The study used stratified sampling technique and selects a sample size of 255 respondents. The questionnaires were administered to all the respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistical methods which include measures of the central tendency mean, mode, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Both SPSS and excel will form the tools of analysis. The frequency tables, pie charts, and bar graphs were used to present the data. The study findings showed that community led, social development, economic dynamics and community dialogue strategies are essential elements in crime management. The government and authorities should develop policies that enhance unique and sustainable strategies to curb crime management provided by the studyItem KENYA-UGANDA TRANSBOUNDARY DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS WITH REGARD TO PROMOTION OF BILATERAL ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT(Journal of Defense Resources Management, 2023-11-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Transboundary disputes over Lake Victoria between Kenya and Uganda concern resources in the marine zone. This transboundary confl ict has had a negative impact on managing economic security since it has not been adequately addressed in resolutions. This study evaluates the strategies for resolving transboundary disputes between Kenya and Uganda in light of strengthening bilateral economic security management. The study was infl uenced by the structural-functionalist philosophy, social confl ict, and John Burton’s theory of confl ict resolution. The research design used in the study was descriptive. The samples were chosen using simple random sampling methods and purposive sampling techniques. Philosophically, the work provided a foundation for future research and helped us comprehend transboundary issues and how to manage them. Findings indicated that mediation and conciliation were the most used mechanism in resolving disputes in Lake Victoria. However, this approach has not reach zenith as far as managing dispute between Kenya and Uganda is concerned. The study recommends that, sensitization programs tailored towards eff ective dispute management be put into place and awareness programs disseminated along contested boundaries. In this regard, economic security management will be bolstered wellItem Level of Student Disaster Risk Reduction Awareness in Public Secondary Schools in Kisumu County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2023-09-13) Odhiambo, Rev. Sgt. Rtd. Dr.; et.al.The recurring, widespread and sudden nature of fire and floods disasters pose high degree of risks frequently in secondary schools. However, the capacity of the affected secondary schools is limited due to paucity of student’s disaster risk reduction awareness. The study endeavoured to assess the level of student disaster risk reduction awareness in secondary schools in Kisumu County. The study grounded on Planned Behaviour and Disaster Preparedness theory while adopting a descriptive research design. A sample size of 86 out of 172 public secondary schools was used. All principals from sampled schools were selected. Also, 172 students comprising of 2 student leaders, one Head of Department from each selected schools were sampled totalling to 86, and 4 ministry of education officials from Kenya School of Curriculum Development were purposively sampled. Data was collected using questionnaires and observation schedule. Qualitative data collected was put under themes consistent with the research objective. Quantitative data was coded and entered in the computer for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, means and frequencies were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that there was no disaster risk reduction and resilience in current curricula in secondary school. Students lacked capacity to respond to disasters in secondary schools in Kisumu County since they lacked disaster management training. The study recommends formulation of effective and practical disaster syllabi, alongside specialized training for teachers who would be delivering DRR education which builds on students’ existing knowledge and experience by developing additional competencies needed for effective disaster management. Rehearsal drills in disaster preparedness must be done in secondary schools by students since it re-emphases points made in separate training programs and test the systems as a whole and invariably revealing several gaps that otherwise might have been overlooked.Item Nature and Extent of Energy Sector Management System with Regard to Electrical Fire Disaster in Kisumu County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022-08-16) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Quality Management has become essential in many organizations with aim of capitalizing on the sources for improvement through quality goal setting and measurement. Deficiency in exploring quality management systems in utility power transmission and distribution systems, are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to electrical fire disasters in Kisumu County. The perfect Quality Management System is not adhered to in energy sector, power lines design, electric equipment, and systems planning doesn’t meet specific prescribed quality standards. The paper therefore examines the nature and extent of energy sectors quality management systems with regard to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. The study adopted Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Purposive, census and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select a sample size from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Findings indicated that lack of electrical fire disaster planning, design of power equipment and power line design were factors contributing to electrical fire disasters. Poor quality power equipment were factors hindering quality service provision. The paper recommends that Kenya energy organizations should foster coordination for quality service delivered. Energy sector to create awareness of departmental procedures on how quality management should be implemented to its customers, ensure electrical fire disaster planning and adapt effective power line designs to prevent electric disasters.Item Nature of Human Trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’ a South Sub-County, Kenya(Open Access Library Journal, 2022-09-19) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Human trafficking is identified as one of the most widespread organized crimes against humanity across the globe. The vice has huge implications for human rights and human dignity in the civilized world. While large scores of profits and influence for criminal organizations fuel human trafficking, it is also coupled with human suffering, deaths, exploitation, slavery and loss of human dignity for its victims. Therein, this study sorts to explore the nature of human trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’a South sub-county. The paper was informed by foreign policy analysis theories that included the Ac tor specific theory, decision making theory, comparative foreign policy theory and of transnational organized crime theory. Exploratory research design was employed to establish the prevalence levels of human trafficking and the fac tors influencing human trafficking in Murang’a South Sub-County. Purposive sampling and snowballing sampling techniques were used to gather sample population. Primary data was collected through surveys, interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data through foreign and public policy document analysis. The researcher used Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) for data analysis. Consequently, Data was presented using tables, charts, bar charts and graphs to underscore various relationships between the inde pendent and dependent variables. The findings of the research indicated that human trafficking is an ongoing contemporary social problem rooted in in tergenerational occupational injustices and factors such as poverty, level of education, ignorance and criminal activities. These factors of predisposition are further compounded by insufficient government regulation and enforce ment failures that occur on various paths of public service delivery. The study noted that the increase in bilateral trade ties between Kenya and Saudi Arabia and the promise of employment lured many victims to traps of human traf fickers. The study recommends that Kenya should create awareness and cation campaign on susceptibility to human trafficking through enforcement and implementation of anti-trafficking strategies.Item Psychological First Aid Practices Applied By Humanitarian Responders during Disasters in Kakamega County, Kenya(International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9(09), 2022-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The need for Psychological first aid (PFA) is very significant during a disaster impact or any other traumatic event. Globally it was used in the United States of America following September 11th 2001 bombing, regionally in Liberia during Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015 and locally in Kenya during Westgate mall terror attack in September 24th 2013. The study objective was to examine PFA practices applied by humanitarian responders during disasters because of a literature gap in PFA effectiveness. There is additional academic literature as existing research only explains PFA elements and its delivery process, however, there lacks evidence on effectiveness but this study has filled that gap. In terms of policy front, there existed a gap in Kakamega County disaster policy as it partially addresses PFA during disaster recovery. A conceptual framework consisting of self-efficacy theory, coping theory, disaster cross cultural counseling model and Community-based mental health and psychosocial support model was used to analyze PFA effectiveness. A descriptive research design was used, descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained by using SPSS software version 28 and excel spreadsheets respectively for data analysis. The study findings revealed that the most applied element is social connectedness at 92.2% and the least is hope at 56.2%. The study concludes that all PFA elements are not incorporated well enough therefore a detailed approach is required. The study recommends Kakamega County to maintain an effective system linking County Disaster committee, humanitarian organizations and local responders for improved disaster response and recovery.Item Religion and Crime: Exploring the Link towards Crime Prevention in Bungoma County, Kenya(International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research (IJMCER), 2022-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Over the last five decades there has been growing interest in the nature of the relationship between religion and crime. In general, researchers have sought to determine if being more or less religious has anything to do with why people do or do notcommit crime. Scholars from diverse disciplines, including criminologists and theologians interested in this line of inquiry have sought to provide empirical insights to this important question, however, the link between religion and crimes is debatable. Link between religion and crime remains an unsettled and controversial topic, because of different religious and cultural beliefs that exist globally and in the study area the gap is wide. The research objectives sought toestablishwhether the link between religion and crimes existand usefulness of religion in crime prevention.One theory informed this study namelySocial Control Theory.The study adopted a descriptive survey research design asappropriate because the research problem under investigation was descriptive in nature, appropriate for collecting, analyzing, and presenting the data. A sample size of125 was derived from a target population of 1250 key respondents in Bungoma county where mixed research was applied. The research tools included In-depth Interviews, desk review, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussion. Earlier findings indicatedreligion as crucial for maintaining social order and fostering a set of common values and beliefs in the society as a way of preventing crime. The study revealed an inverse link between religiosity and crime which suggests that religion is usefulin suppressing criminality behavior.Where education sector especially schools sponsored by religious organizations,and presents of traditional churches, the vicinityrecorded less crime in the neighbourhood. The study recommendsthe need for criminologist to factor in religion as one method to prevent crimes in the community.Item Role of Chinese Economic Diplomacy in Fostering Infrastructural Development in Kenya Since 1963(African Journal of Empirical Research https://ajernet.net, 2023-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.This study investigated the role of Chinese economic diplomacy in fostering infrastructural development in Kenya since 1963. The focus was on how this partnership manifests itself in infrastructure development. This study was anchored on power theory, modernization, and dependency theories, which were triangulated to inform the conceptual framework of the study. This study adopted historical, cross-cultural, and survey research designs. Questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions were the data collection instruments. The study adopted multiple sources of data, ranging from primary to secondary. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. The study found that the most popular principle in China-Kenya relations was that of mutual benefit. This study further revealed that Kenya is still largely reliant on its traditional donors for funding and that its relations with China have even strengthened its ties with Western countries. The findings further revealed that Chinese investment in Kenya's development of infrastructure was significantly beneficial to Kenya's informal sector because the lower cadre of employees, who are the majority, are acquiring skills that make them start their own businesses. Kenya should further strengthen its ties with China. Kenyan traders should take advantage of the recent lowering of export tariffs by China to encourage Kenyans to export more products to China. The Kenyan government, through its relevant agencies, should also put in place regulatory measures to ensure that Chinese imports are of standard quality. China should offer more aid to Kenya to mitigate the deficit, or in certain cases, curtail Chinese exports to reduce the imbalance.