School of Arts and Social Sciences

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Food beliefs and practices among the Kalenjin pregnant women in rural Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(BioMed Central, 2017) Riang’a, Roselyter Monchari; Broerse, Jacqueline; Nangulu, Anne Kisaka
Background: Understanding food beliefs and practices is critical to the development of dietary recommendations, nutritional programmes, and educational messages. This study aimed to understand the pregnancy food beliefs and practices and the underlying reasons for these among the contemporary rural Kalenjin communities of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Methods: Through semi-structured interviews, data was collected from 154 pregnant and post-natal Kalenjin women about restricted and recommended foods, and why they are restricted or recommended during pregnancy. Respondents were purposively selected (based on diversity) from those attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) care in 23 rural public health facilities. Key informant interviews (n = 9) with traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) who were also herbalists, community health workers, and nursing officers in charge of MCH were also conducted. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS software. Data from respondents who gave consent to be tape recorded (n = 42) was transcribed and qualitatively analysed using MAXQDA software. Results: The restriction of animal organs specifically the tongue, heart, udder and male reproductive organs, meat and eggs, and the recommendation of traditional green vegetables and milk was reported by more than 60% of the respondents. Recommendation of fruits, traditional herbs, ugali (a dish made of maize flour, millet flour, or Sorghum flour, sometimes mixed with cassava flour), porridge and liver, and restriction of avocadoes and oily food were reported by more than 20% of the respondents. The reasons for observing these dietary precautions were mainly fears of: big foetuses, less blood, lack of strength during birth, miscarriages or stillbirths, and maternal deaths as well as child’s colic and poor skin conditions after birth. Conclusion: Pregnancy food beliefs were widely known and practised mainly to protect the health of the mother and child, and ensuring successful pregnancy outcome. Given the deep-rooted nature of the beliefs, it is advisable that when nutritious foods are restricted, nutritional interventions should rather search for alternative sources of nutrition which are available and considered to be appropriate for pregnancy. On the other hand, nutritional advice that does not address these health concerns and assumptions that underlie successful pregnancy and delivery is unlikely to be effective.
Negotiating Muslim–Christian Relations in Kenya through Waqfs, 1900–2010
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2017-07-27) Chembea, S. Athuman
Waqfs provided socio-economic security for the progeny of endowers and for other social welfare causes. Being thus guaranteed socio-economic well-being, these beneficiaries were antithetical to ruling elites in Muslim dynasties and Christian colonial powers, which led to the establishment of policies and institutions to control waqfs and check their growing influence. This development was not only counter to normative precepts but also set minority Muslims in predominantly Christian societies at odds with non-Muslim states. To what extent did civil policies and judgements influence waqfs? How did Muslims negotiate the secular state constructs vis-à-vis waqf practices? How did secular state control of waqfs influence the dynamics of Christian–Muslim relations? This discussion, based on ethnographic research in Kenyan coastal areas, employs two theoretical frameworks – Asad’s ‘Islam as a discursive tradition’ and Scott’s concept of ‘symbolic (ideological) resistance’. The article draws mainly on the perspective of the Muslim minority in Kenya and argues that state control of waqfs in Kenya did not only interfere with normative practices but also partly laid the ground for the present-day economic and political marginalization and exclusion of Muslims, leading to suspicion and ambiguous relations with their Christian compatriots
Competing and Conflicting Power Dynamics in Waqfs in Kenya, 1900-2010
(Bayreuth African Studies Online, 2018-01-01) Chembea, Suleiman A.
Relationship between Watching ‘Gengetone’ Music and Drug Abuse among the Youth in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2021-04-30) Koech, Leonard K.
Drugs, substance and alcohol abuse by many youths is as a result of various factors. Research conducted in the past have looked at how mass media channels (video and TV) and their influence on abuse of drugs and other substances among the youth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how drug-related information portrayed on Gengetone music influences drugs and substance abuse among youths in Eldoret town. The research objectives were to investigate how the acceptability level of ‘Gengetone’ music and videos among youths, to examine ways in which ‘Gengetone music lyrics communicate information on drugs, substance and alcohol abuse and establish the effect of listening of Gengetone music on drugs and substance abuse among youths in Uasin Gishu County. The study adopted George Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory. The study utilised descriptive survey. Questionnaires and interviews were utilised to collect data from selected youths aged 20 – 30 years residing in Eldoret town four estates numbering 80 and one county officer in charge of NACADA North Rift office. Analysis of data was done through qualitative (content analysis method) and quantitative approaches (descriptive statistics); The study found out that indeed lyrics, images and videos contained in some Gengetone music promoted drugs, substance and alcohol abuse by young people in the study area. This means that music preference performed a significant role in determining the level of drugs and substance abuse by youth in Eldoret town. This calls for stakeholder involvement in educating the upcoming artist on the importance of developing Gengetone music that is clean and creates awareness on the dangers of youth addiction to drugs, other substances and alcohol.
Diarrhea Disease among Children under 5 Years of Age: A Global Systematic Review
(Open Journal of Epidemiology, 2021-06-28) Recha, Charles W.; Manetu, Winfred Mbinya
Diarrhea diseases remain the second leading cause of death among children under five years globally. Nearly one in every five child deaths, about 1.6 mil lion each year, are due to diarrhea. Further, diarrhea kills more young child ren than malaria, measles and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) combined. As a result, better understanding of childhood diarrhea occurrence can perhaps help reduce associated morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, this study conducted a global systematic review on occurrence of childhood diarrhea. The broad objective of this study was to review present and past researches on childhood diarrhea and most importantly for children under 5 years of age. The review focused on understanding the burden of di arrhea, causes of childhood diarrhea and solutions to the disease. A systemat ic literature review was conducted using the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Search key terms used were childhood diarrhea, risk factors and intervention practices. Journal articles and related reports were filtered and limited from 2005 to 2020. Sixty-one reports and ar ticles that met inclusion criteria were used in this review. Review found that, childhood diarrhea imposes economic costs on the health system and fami lies. Also, repeated bouts of diarrhea can lead to malnutrition, stunting and delayed brain growth later in life and can lead to stress and tension to the af fected households. The dependence on open water sources which are often contaminated with fecal materials was found as the major cause of the rising prevalence of childhood diarrhea. Other important factors were poor hygienic practices and lack of sanitation facilities contribute to the spread of diarrhea diseases. Improvements in the quality of drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices especially in low and middle income countries have been suggested by many studies as an intervention to reduce childhood di arrhea.
Effectiveness of Multitrack Diplomacy Actors in Critical Assessment of Kenya’s Presidential Election Outcomes, 2007-2017
(Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2021-08-23) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
In Kenya’s last four presidential elections, election observers had been seriously looked upon by both the Kenyan voters and the international community to provide alternative but credible information on the process and outcomes of presidential elections in Kenya. This was expected to promote legitimacy of the outcomes. Given that there was a dearth of specific scholarship to address the question, this study was conducted. This paper therefore examines the effectiveness of multitrack diplomacy in monitoring Kenya’s presidential election outcomes. The study was epistemological. It was conducted in 8 of the 17 constituencies of Nairobi City County which hosts the Kenya’s largest city and its capital with a natural representation of the population of the entire country. Out of the over 4 million residents of Nairobi City County, total sample size was 441 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 25 key informant interview respondents). The study reached 436 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 20 key informant interview respondents) out of 4 million people. Targeted were Kenya citizens who had voted at least once for a presidential candidate in any of the presidential elections held between 2007 and 2017 for the survey; individuals working with and for government institutions in Kenya’s electoral systems especially the election management body, ministry of foreign affairs, members of parliament, the Chief Justice, pollsters, the media, non-governmental organizations, religious institutions across all faiths as to Muslims, Christians and Hindu, major political parties, former election observers and diplomatic missions. The study found that multitrack diplomacy (MTD) actors or election observer missions (EOMs) observed election irregularities to above 50%. They detected electoral fraud in the 2007 presidential elections, identified election irregularities in the 2013 and the 2017 presidential elections but could not deter nor prevent outcome fraud. The paper, based on the study, concluded that multitrack diplomacy actors that monitored the presidential elections were fairly effective, they had reasonable capacity, fairly above 50%. Overall, multitrack diplomacy is effective in monitoring of Kenya’s presidential election but inefficacious in preventing and deterring election outcome fraud. Multitrack diplomacy actors-the election observation missions (EOMs) to use enhanced technology to match the electoral systems technology, improve on their objectivity during monitoring and be granted full accesses by governments and election management bodies (EMBs) for systematic, comprehensive and accurate monitoring.
Forms Of Human-Wildlife Conflict That Exists In Transmara West Sub County, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-09-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The Wildlife human conflicts, which is seen as a result of the problem of resource utilization in conservation areas has affected the economic development of the Maa community living around the wildlife inhabited areas. It’s on this basis that the study sought to investigate on forms of human-wildlife conflict that exists in Transmara West and their effects on economic development of the Maa community. The target population of the study comprised of 450 respondents which was stratified into; members of the Maa community, the wild life wardens, chiefs and sub chiefs and officials of Transmara West Sub County. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviewed guides. The reliability of the collected data was ensured through the test-retest technique while the Pearson methods were used to obtain correlation coefficient of 0.7. The analyzed data was presented by use of descriptive statistics. Study findings indicated that most people have been victims of human wildlife conflict, crop destruction and injuries caused by wild animals is eminent. Deaths and predation of domesticated animals by dangerous wild animals was supported by 91% of response rate indicating that it was on a high rise. Therefore, the study recommends that Maa community and its subsidiary clans should be educated about the importance of resource management. Explore and encourage new and innovative mitigation measures based on current and emerging conflict issues and outreach to the Maa community surrounding the wildlife areas to help in diffusing conflict situations.
The Origins and Evolution of Anglo-Kenyan Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963
(Open Access Library Journal, 2021-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Military professionalism has three characteristic: expertise, social responsibil ity and corporateness. Africa as a continent has faced numerous coup d’état because of lack of military professionalism, ethnic and tribal biases in re cruitment and promotion. Politicization of the military and militarization of politics and legacy of colonialism was perfected by Africans who became mil itary head as their countries got their independence. While the independence period has witnessed cordial diplomatic, trade and economic relations be tween the two countries, the ideal military professionalism is a key factor in interstate diplomatic relations. Anglo-Kenyan military diplomatic relations have been beset with challenges embedded in military professionalism on both sides. These include challenges in professional training, academic train ing and character development in terms of military Diplomatic relations. It was, therefore, imperative that this study sought to trace the origin and evo lution of Anglo-Kenyan military diplomatic relations since 1963 when Kenya got her independence. The study was informed by realist theory. The study adopted mixed approach which included: historical research design was used while the sample size was 384. The study used simple random sampling me thod and purposive sampling to distribute 196 KDF and BATUK soldiers across Archer’s Post training area and 188 key stakeholders, key informants and knowledgeable locals (indigenous) and residents in the training area. The instruments used for collecting data from the field were: observation, ques tionnaires, In-depth interview guide, Archival documents and secondary da ta. Data were analyzed with the aid of statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 27. The finding is presented in prose. The findings were: Kenya soveignity is compromised by the permanent BATUK bases in the country. Eavesdropping by BATUK a foreign troop poses a threat to Kenya’s national security. British had three major interests in Kenya which were: to ensure that Kenya remained socially, economically and politically friendly to Britain, the retention of “forward basing”.
Waqfs and the Dynamics of Muslim Charity in Secular Milieus, Kenya 1900-2010
(Alternation Special Edition, 2021-11-03) Chembea, S.A.
Waqfs (religious endowments) were the mainstay of a plethora of beneficiaries evolving to a socio-economically secure constituency of Muslims. Secured of socio-economic well-being, beneficiaries threatened and often advocated for social and political positions independent of and in opposition to political establishments. This saw the creation of state agencies to control waqfs as evident in both Muslim and colonial powers. State agencies did not, however, annihilate waqfs as envisaged but beneficiaries diversified into alternative charitable activities as provided by the Shari’a. Using James C. Scott’s concept of ‘symbolic resistance’ and Talal Asad’s view of Islam as a ‘discursive tradition’, I argue that use of uncontrolled charities like sadaqa and private trusts in Kenya’s secular milieu does not only accord Muslims the wherewithal to negotiate the socio-cultural and economic spheres, but also provide a means to fulfilling religious obligations outside the purview of the state.
GEO-POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING KENYA AND TANZANIA FOREIGN POLICY BEHAVIOR SINCE 1967
(Journal of Defense Resources Management, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The question regarding the extent to which foreign policy influences regionalism is subject to debate. This issue is still emotive, fluid, speculative and anchored on conjecture. The study assessed geopolitical factors influencing Kenya and Tanzania foreign policy behavior since 1967. The study was guided by Two Good theory, Neoclassical Realism and Neo-functionalism theories. Historical, cross cultural and descriptive research designs were used. The study area was Kenya and Tanzania and the population was citizens of the two states with the target population being cross border business community, government officials in Ministries of EAC and Foreign Affairs, and EAC organisms - the Secretariat and Legislative Assembly on which purposive sampling was used. A sample size of 384 respondents was created from the total population using the Gomm (2008) formula. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Instruments of data collection were : questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that geopolitical factors influencing Kenya’s and Tanzania’s foreign policies are to a large extent similar and that they have direct impact on the foreign policies of both states. That strategic location of both states as a geo-strategic factor affects both, though with significant differences. Kenya’s location astride the volatile Horn of Africa has complicated its security, thus influencing its foreign policy behavior. The study recommends that in view of the similarities in geopolitical factors that influence Kenya’s and Tanzania’s foreign policy behavior, the two states should cooperate and harmonise their foreign policies to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding and naked and open rivalry that can thrust the region into political and economic paralysis.
Determinants on How Training And Nature Influences Public Participation In Governance In Narok County, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The global development is a major target of the World Bank through consideration of the diverse opinions. The millennium development goals fully support the global development. In various continents such as Europe, considering the opinions from the citizen in governance and in policy formulation is important. In Africa, different bodies are campaigning for inclusion and considerations of the citizen opinions from different perspectives without any form of discriminations as far as governance processes are concerned. The promulgation of the Kenyan constitution (2010) opened room for citizen participation by supporting participatory governance as a principle which binds government stakeholders; unfortunately there is improper public involvement in policy process in some Counties. Over the years, Kenya has little by little shifted from centralized to a decentralized form of governance; The 47 counties in Kenya have gradually moved to such form of governance by including public participation in their legislations, while a county like Narok which is among the 47 counties rarely conduct public participation while making county by-laws. The paper therefore, determines how training and nature influences public participation in governance in Narok County. Four theories were used: constraints theory, stakeholder’s theory, Arnstein’s participation ladder theory and the theory of moral unity in governance ethics. A descriptive research study was used. Since the target population was 800,000, sample size of 384 was used according to Mugenda and Mugenda in relation to target population. Stratified random sampling was used. The data was collected by the use of questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 27 and presented in percentages, frequencies and tables. The findings indicated that lack of training in governance and sensitizations of the citizen affects the effectiveness of public participation. The study recommends that the county management team and administrators should ensure that there is training and sensitization of public members, allocation of funds and practice of good governance which embraces equality, participation, democracy, transparency, accountability, efficiency and equality.
The South African Commission for Gender Equality Addressing Challenges of Rural Women
(Pathways to African Feminism and Development Women’s Economic Empowerment, 2022-03-31) Waiganjo , Anthony Gathambiri
Over the years, empowerment of women has increasingly attracted huge attention in the scholarly world. Most of the scholarly works on empowerment seem to focus on pro-women policies, which appear attractive only on paper without critically paying attention to how those policies translate into reality. In South Africa, rural women continue to suffer despite the nation having one of the best constitutions globally. The South African Commission for Gender Equality (CGE), among other roles, is man dated to advance the concerns for the rural women. The main aim of this study is to investigate setbacks but also opportunities that the CGE encounters in fulfilling its mandate of addressing strategic gender interests of rural women. The paper also interrogates the social cultural challenges that those women face in accessing their rights through the CGE. The main geographical scope for this study is KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces because they are the areas populated with the Zulu and Xhosa communities who are the main targets of social cultural complexities highlighted in this paper. The study arrives at its findings through a qualitative study where data was analysed and corroborated with CGE operational documents, provisions in the Constitution, policy documents, monetary and evaluation reports, minutes of proceedings and paper publications. The study argues that the CGE cannot effectively empower rural women when the link with other statutory bodies and Civil Society Organizations nationally is weak. Also, the study argues that for CGE to effectively empower rural women, it must directly relate with local rural African Women Studies Centre 72 1.0 Introduction Due to a concentrated focus on eliminating racial segregation, before 1994 South Africa paid minimal attention to the gender equality agenda. The concerns about gender equality emerged only after a series of engagements by South African women who indefatigably pushed for gender equality to be listed among the significant agendas for the nation. Thus, buoyed by a ray of hope after Rolihlahla Mandela’s ascendancy into power in 1994, South African women formulated a Charter that exhorted the nation to put the welfare of women to the fore. The document was presented to Mandela who made sure that gender concerns became a central subject in the negotiation process prior to the writing up of the Constitution. In order to ensure that women issues were not overlooked, the negotiators settled on avoiding a structure where there is a specific ministry/department of women. Thus, a NGM (National Gender Machinery) was instituted. The Machinery consisted of the civil society organizations, the executive, the legislature, and self-governing bodies (Rai, 2018; African Development Bank, 2009). The establishment of the NGM was for the advancement of the status of women. A number of international women’s conferences such as the 1975 Mexico Convention, the Beijing Conference, the CEDAW had called for the national states to put gender concerns at the centre of the policy-making process. The necessity for a NGM was accentuated first during the Conference in Mexico City in 1975 (Rai, 2018). The South African women constitute the highest share of underprivileged population in the country. This population is still affected by apartheid legacies (racism, sexism, authoritarianism, male chauvinism).The Commission on Gender Equality (CGE) aims at fixing those ‘ghosts of the past’ (as Ramphele, 2008 calls them) which are enmeshed in policies that engender marginalization of women. In spite of South Africa ratifying international protocols, I argue that the gender policy agenda is still far elusive as those neo-apartheid elements are still prevalent. Thus, this paper seeks to address these principal theoretical questions: women and consult them from the grassroots and not solely rely on “elitist women” who risk misrepresenting or even ‘under-representing’ women interests.
The Church as an Agent of Behavioural Change:
(International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 2022-06-30) Korir, Simion Kiprotich; Ayanga, Hazel; et.al.
The church is tasked with the responsibility of being a transformative agent. Societal transformation is an integral part of the church’s mission that is complementary to the focal mission which is relay the Good News of Jesus Christ, invite populations to repentance and cultivates faith alongside baptizing them. Minimal studies exist that suggest practical mechanisms that the church can use to discourage Christian youth from engagement in unproductive political activities. This paper explores ways in which the church can affect behavioral change among young people in an effort to guide the young people who decide to engage in political activities. The main objective was to establish on how the church can become an agent of behavioral change. It is evident that some young people are bribed to engage in negative behaviour in times of political electioneering. They accept the money because they are unemployed and generally live below the poverty line. The article explores what the church can do to change this trend. The study established that some Christian youth who engage in political activities do so because of dire conditions that threaten their survival. Additionally, the church has a significant role to play as an agent of behavioural change and subsequently guide the youth to engage in productive politics. The study recommends that youth should be guided through structured workshops, trainings, and mentorship programs to help them make the right decision on whether or not to engage in unproductive political activities.
A global perspective on soil science education at third educational level :
(Elsevier, 2022-07-10) Recha, Charles W.; et.al
The pivotal role of soil as a resource is not fully appreciated by the general public. Improving education in soil science represents a challenge in a world where soil resources are under serious threat. Today’s high school students, the world’s future landowners, agriculturalists, and decision makers, have the potential to change society’s apathy towards soils issues. This research aimed to compare the level of soil education in high and/or secondary schools in forty-three countries worldwide, together comprising 62% of the world’s population. Comparisons were made between soil science content discussed in educationally appropriate textbooks via a newly proposed soil information coefficient (SIC). Interviews with teachers were undertaken to better understand how soil science education is implemented in the classroom. Statistical analyses were investigated using clustering. Results showed that gaps in soil science education were most commonly observed in countries where soil science is a non-compulsory or optional subject. Soil science concepts are predominantly a part of geography or environmental science curricula. Consequently, considerable variability in soil science education systems among investigated countries exists. Soil information coefficient‘s outcomes demonstrated that a methodological approach combining textbooks and the use of modern digitally based strategies in the educational process significantly improved soil education performances. Overall, soil science education is under-represented in schools worldwide. Dynamic new approaches are needed to improve pivotal issues such as: i) promoting collaborations and agreements between high school and universities; ii) encouraging workshops and practical exercises such as field activities; and, iii) implementing technology tools. This, in turn, will prepare the next generation to contribute meaningfully towards solving present and future soil problems.
The impact of youth financial empowerment in promoting peace, stability, and development: A study of selected faith-based organizations
(International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies www.socialstudiesjournal.com, 2022-08-04) Korir, Simion Kiprotich; et.al
Regardless of the religious affiliation, the needs and expectations of young people in society are not easy to meet and sustain. Subsequently, different faith-based organizations have responded in different ways resulting in varied levels of success and failure. This paper sought to highlight lessons that the church in Kenya can learn from the Islamic faith based institutions in relation to youth empowerment programs. The goal of the research was to unveil information that would facilitate the enhancement of the present empowerment programs alongside devising strategies on how to develop others to ensure that the needs of the young people are adequately addressed. Using the explorative strategy to survey relevant literature, the study established that the Somali youth empowerment model is structured. On the other hand, most Kenyan churches lack a structured model of financing. Subsequently, Christian faith-based organizations should be encouraged to establish her independent financial institution that can lend to the youth using biblical principles that are not exploitative in nature. Those that already have such in place should improve their operational framework to realize better outcomes. A low interest loan culture should be underscored to encourage many youth to borrow so that they can actively participate in Entrepreneurship.
Nature and Extent of Energy Sector Management System with Regard to Electrical Fire Disaster in Kisumu County, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022-08-16) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Quality Management has become essential in many organizations with aim of capitalizing on the sources for improvement through quality goal setting and measurement. Deficiency in exploring quality management systems in utility power transmission and distribution systems, are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to electrical fire disasters in Kisumu County. The perfect Quality Management System is not adhered to in energy sector, power lines design, electric equipment, and systems planning doesn’t meet specific prescribed quality standards. The paper therefore examines the nature and extent of energy sectors quality management systems with regard to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. The study adopted Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Purposive, census and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select a sample size from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Findings indicated that lack of electrical fire disaster planning, design of power equipment and power line design were factors contributing to electrical fire disasters. Poor quality power equipment were factors hindering quality service provision. The paper recommends that Kenya energy organizations should foster coordination for quality service delivered. Energy sector to create awareness of departmental procedures on how quality management should be implemented to its customers, ensure electrical fire disaster planning and adapt effective power line designs to prevent electric disasters.
Proverbs as a Teaching Medium in Kenyan Competency Based Curriculum
(International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL), 2022-08-31) ANYONJE , FLORENCE M.; OLOO, OLUOCH MONICA
The Kenya Government through the Ministry of Education launched a new system of education referred to as Kenyan Competency Based Curriculum (KCBC) in 2017.The new curriculum is designed to develop and apply knowledge and skills in real life situations. Core competencies in KCBC are: communication and collaboration, self-efficacy, critical thinking and problem solving, creativity and imagination, citizenship, digital literacy and learning to learn. It is expected that at the end of the learning period the learners will have these values inculcated in them: love, responsibility, respect, unity, peace, patriotism and integrity. This paper proceeds from the understanding that teaching methodologies play an important role in achieving set objectives. The new curriculum thus provides a unique opportunity to the stakeholders in education to excavate the indigenous African knowledge in the course of imparting the required skills to the learners. This paper utilises one important genre of this knowledge: proverbs. The paper will examine how proverbs can be used in the teaching and learning context to inculcate moral values spelt out in KCBC.The parents, teachers and the community have a role to play in bringing up morally upright citizens and this training should start at an early age. Proverbs can provide learners with a genuine learning context, a focus to communicate, appreciate their cultural heritage, develop emotional intelligence and creativity. Proverbs from some Kenyan communities will be used in this paper to show that indeed if used in the instructional process, students can learn values from an early age and be good at communication.
Nature of Human Trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’ a South Sub-County, Kenya
(Open Access Library Journal, 2022-09-19) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Human trafficking is identified as one of the most widespread organized crimes against humanity across the globe. The vice has huge implications for human rights and human dignity in the civilized world. While large scores of profits and influence for criminal organizations fuel human trafficking, it is also coupled with human suffering, deaths, exploitation, slavery and loss of human dignity for its victims. Therein, this study sorts to explore the nature of human trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’a South sub-county. The paper was informed by foreign policy analysis theories that included the Ac tor specific theory, decision making theory, comparative foreign policy theory and of transnational organized crime theory. Exploratory research design was employed to establish the prevalence levels of human trafficking and the fac tors influencing human trafficking in Murang’a South Sub-County. Purposive sampling and snowballing sampling techniques were used to gather sample population. Primary data was collected through surveys, interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data through foreign and public policy document analysis. The researcher used Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) for data analysis. Consequently, Data was presented using tables, charts, bar charts and graphs to underscore various relationships between the inde pendent and dependent variables. The findings of the research indicated that human trafficking is an ongoing contemporary social problem rooted in in tergenerational occupational injustices and factors such as poverty, level of education, ignorance and criminal activities. These factors of predisposition are further compounded by insufficient government regulation and enforce ment failures that occur on various paths of public service delivery. The study noted that the increase in bilateral trade ties between Kenya and Saudi Arabia and the promise of employment lured many victims to traps of human traf fickers. The study recommends that Kenya should create awareness and cation campaign on susceptibility to human trafficking through enforcement and implementation of anti-trafficking strategies.
Psychological First Aid Practices Applied By Humanitarian Responders during Disasters in Kakamega County, Kenya
(International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9(09), 2022-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The need for Psychological first aid (PFA) is very significant during a disaster impact or any other traumatic event. Globally it was used in the United States of America following September 11th 2001 bombing, regionally in Liberia during Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015 and locally in Kenya during Westgate mall terror attack in September 24th 2013. The study objective was to examine PFA practices applied by humanitarian responders during disasters because of a literature gap in PFA effectiveness. There is additional academic literature as existing research only explains PFA elements and its delivery process, however, there lacks evidence on effectiveness but this study has filled that gap. In terms of policy front, there existed a gap in Kakamega County disaster policy as it partially addresses PFA during disaster recovery. A conceptual framework consisting of self-efficacy theory, coping theory, disaster cross cultural counseling model and Community-based mental health and psychosocial support model was used to analyze PFA effectiveness. A descriptive research design was used, descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained by using SPSS software version 28 and excel spreadsheets respectively for data analysis. The study findings revealed that the most applied element is social connectedness at 92.2% and the least is hope at 56.2%. The study concludes that all PFA elements are not incorporated well enough therefore a detailed approach is required. The study recommends Kakamega County to maintain an effective system linking County Disaster committee, humanitarian organizations and local responders for improved disaster response and recovery.
The Nature and Extent of Human-Wildlife Conflict Effect on Socio- Economic Development and Educational Development in Baringo North Sub County, Kenya
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2022-10-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Kenya Wildlife Service has invested heavily in implementation of strategies as a concerted effort by the government to curb Human Wildlife Conflict in Kenya. Despite this effort, cases of Human Wildlife Conflicts are still being reported. Various existing policies seem not to offer solutions to the prevailing Human Wildlife Conflict. It’s on this foundation that the study sort to examine the nature and extent of human wildlife conflicts in Baringo North Sub-County, Kenya. This study was guided by Stern Theory of Value Belief Norm; Kenneth’s and Kilmann’s Conflict Styles theory and Dollard’s Frustration Aggression Displacement theory. A descriptive survey research design was used. The study population was; Government field officers, Civil society leaders, KWS official, Opinion leaders, Teachers, Community based organizations, Leaders of Farmers Corporations, Village elders and victims of human wildlife conflicts, totaling to 329 respondents. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation checklist and Focus Group Discussions. Descriptive analysis using quantitative and qualitative techniques were used in the study. While quantitative data was presented in form of frequencies and percentage, in tables, charts and graphs, qualitative data was presented thematically through narratives reports and verbatim quotations. Findings indicated that there was risk of the children meeting wild animals as they cross paths with wild animals as they go to school or attend their daily chores, hence they face imminent injuries and death. Most wildlife attack people during the day as they work in their farms. Snakes and elephants were the most reported as wild animals that attack the people. Shared water and food resources were indicated as the main cause of the HWC. Poverty and overpopulation were identified as the main drivers of HWC and that wildlife habitats are disappearing at an alarming rate. The study recommends that government should resolve HWC by generating, lasting solutions. Such solutions include fencing off the reserve to keep off roaming wildlife and those injured together with the crops destroyed should be adequately compensated.

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