Research Publications

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Role of strategic purchasing and supply management practices in firm performance:
(Global Advanced Research Journal of Social Science (GARJSS), 2013-08-27) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.al
In a census survey of 183 senior executives of public bus transport firms in Nairobi, Kenya, effect of strategic purchasing and supply management practices on performance was sought. A cross sectional survey design was adopted. Secondary and primary data were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, multiple regressions were used to analyze data. Content analysis was performed on interview schedule results and other qualitative data. The results indicated that Strategic purchasing and supply management practices were high among the firms and positively and significantly predict public bus transport firm performance. The adjusted R2 value was found to be 0.398 implying that strategic purchasing and supply management practices accounted for 39.8% of the variance in the public bus transport firm performance. The results show that public bus transport firms practicing strategic purchasing and supply management have improved performance. This is important to the practitioners in the industry and other industries and the government as it implies that more emphasis should be made on this area. The regression results indicate a high error term that should be investigated further.
Application of the Marketing Concept and Performance of Supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya
(Greener Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2013-09-30) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.al
This paper sought to examine the relationship between the application marketing concept and performance of retail supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey design to explore the above relationship. Stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 162 employees out of a population of 410 employees. A self administered structure and semi structure Questionnaires were used to obtain primary data from the field. The Regression results showed that 39.8% or (R2 =0.398, p<0.05) of variation in retail supermarkets’ financial performance was explained by the application of the Marketing Concept and 52.5% (R2 =0.525, p<0.05) of non-financial performance.The study provided an exposition of the Marketing Concept application by supermarkets by concluding that it exerted a significant influence on both non-financial performance and financial performance measures. To the academia, the output will contribute to enriching the knowledge base particularly in the field of Marketing Concepts and its performance consequences in the context of emerging and developing economies.
Effective Management of Strategic Issues in the Insurance Industry, Kenya
(European Journal of Business and Management, 2015-01-30) Ojera, Patrick B.; Swalehe, Mkamunduli A.; et.al
The purpose of this study is to examine how companies could prepare themselves to deal effectively with strategic issues affecting them with particular reference to the insurance industry in Kenya. This follows the turbulent environment in which the insurance industry in general and the Kenyan insurance industry in particular are currently operating in: international competition, the rapid technological changes, regional integration and globalization, change in customer needs and preference among others. These pressures have created the need to explore the current strategic issue management practices in the insurance companies in Kenya. In order to meet this objective, a census of all 38 insurance firms in Kenya was conducted by use of questionnaires. The findings led to the conclusions that, although most insurance companies in Kenya study strategic issues affecting their operations, none demonstrated the use of superior methods such as the European matrix method.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFICIENT CASH MANAGEMENT AND PROFITABILITY OF SMALL SIZED ENTERPRISES IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT, 2015-04-15) OJERA, PATRICK BONIFACE; et.al
Efficient cash management is seen as the process of planning and controlling cash flows of a firm and very imperative to small sized enterprises profitabilty.In Kenya small sized enterprises are contributors to economic development by providing employment opportunities and reducing poverty levels. Despite their significance to economic development, small sized enterprises(SSEs) rate of startup is 40% but 60% of them collapse within the first two years of their operations causing retrenchment of human resources, high level of loan defaulters, and inadequate services delivery to the community. This research paper examines the relationship between cash capital management and profitability of small sized enterprises in Kisumu, County, Kenya for 2009 to 2014. The objectives was to determine the effects of management of cash on profitability. The targets population was 10,000 of small sized enterprises and a sample size of 370 small sized enterprises were established by using Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The correlation analysis performed indicated that there was relatively low degree of positive correlation between efficient cash management and profitability of small sized enterprises. The study recommends that proper financial management education and training should be initiated by government of Kenya.
DETERMINANTS OF CORPORATE CASH HOLDINGS: EVIDENCE FROM PRIVATE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA
(International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2015-06) Orwa, George O.; Kariuki, Samuel Nduati; Namusonge, Gregory S.
Cash is an important requirement to ensure continued operations, yet excessive cash holdings might result in many problems which include; higher opportunity costs of holding cash, cash abuse, a tool for obtaining the controlled self-interests and the higher agency costs. The study established thatthere is a negative and insignificant linear relationship between growth opportunities and corporate cash holdings. The study also revealed that leverage is a significant positive determinant of corporate cash holdings in line with the precautionary motive. In regard to firm size, the study findings indicate that firm size positively determines corporate cash holding. Further, the study revealed that there is a negative linear relationship between likelihood of financial distress and cash holdings.The findings also confirmed a positive relationship between cash flow variability and corporate cash holdings.The study therefore concludes that; leverage, firm size, likelihood of financial distress and cash flow variability determine corporate cash holdings among private manufacturing firms in Kenya
Contribution of Foreign Direct Investment on the Growth of Agro-Processing Sector :
(European Journal of Business and Management, 2015-12-31) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.al
World Investment Report’s like United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) detail trends in global foreign direct investments in which Kenya is ranked below its neighbours and other emerging markets. This study evaluated the contribution of Foreign Direct Investment on the growth of Agro-Processing Sector. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent of use of FDI and its contribution on the growth of Agro processing sector. This study adopted a survey design. The study target population was 350 respondents. Sample size was 78 respondents selected using simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which was analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis and a 5 point Likert scale. Study results showed that Foreign Direct Investment in the Agro processing Sector influenced technology spill over, creation of employment opportunities and resource improvement; FDI accelerated to a greater extent growth in the sector; and a positive relationship existed between FDI and growth of the agro processing sector; correlation oefficients determined confirmed a positive association between FDI and growth of the sector where production volumes and profit are output variables that measure growth in the agro-processing sector.
The Effect of Competitive Advantage on the Relationship between Strategic Change and Performance of Firms in the Alcohol Industry in Kenya
(iJARS GROUP, 2016-06-15) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.al
This paper examined the effect of competitive advantage on the relationship between strategic change and firm characteristics on performance of firms in the alcohol industry in Kenya. Previous studies dwelt on effect of limited aspects of strategic change such as marketing leaving out critical aspects like scope of strategies, resource deployment patterns and competitive advantages. The study was underpinned by the Resource-Based Theory (RBT). The study adopted a mixed method survey research design using qualitative and quantitative methods. The population was 25 local firms registered by Kenya Revenue Authority by 2012 and approved by National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse, (NACADA) by 2015. A saturated sample consisted of 100 respondents to get primary data. Correlation and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between competitive advantage and organizational performance. Pearson correlation was used to describe how the variables were related and the strengths of the relationship between competitive advantage and organizational performance. Findings revealed that there was a fairly strong significant positive correlation between competitive advantage and organizational performance.
Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction of Commercial Bank Customers, Nairobi Kenya
(iJARS International Journal of Management & Corporate Affairs, 2016-12-16) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.al
Marketing strategy remains a critical driver of customer satisfaction and competitiveness in the banking industry globally. Despite this, Commercial banks in Kenya are yet to attain required customer satisfaction levels. This is evident in the low average customer satisfaction index (CSI) which dropped from 67% in 2011 with a downward trend to 60% in 2015 way below the Kenyan Banking industry benchmark of 77%. Studies on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction revealed both positive and negative results. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction of commercial bank customers in Nairobi, Kenya. The target population was 1,072,500 customers of commercial bank customers in Nairobi. A sample of 384 was drawn using proportionate stratified random sampling technique to constitute 242 Retail, 81 Business and 61 corporate customers. The results revealed that service quality significantly contributed to customer satisfaction at (β=.488, p<.05). It was concluded that service quality contributes to customer satisfaction. The study recommends a more emphasis on improving and maintaining high service quality levels translating to customer satisfaction. Therefore the research provides a validated service quality model that can be used to clearly measure levels of service quality in relation to levels of customer satisfaction.
Food beliefs and practices among the Kalenjin pregnant women in rural Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
(BioMed Central, 2017) Riang’a, Roselyter Monchari; Broerse, Jacqueline; Nangulu, Anne Kisaka
Background: Understanding food beliefs and practices is critical to the development of dietary recommendations, nutritional programmes, and educational messages. This study aimed to understand the pregnancy food beliefs and practices and the underlying reasons for these among the contemporary rural Kalenjin communities of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Methods: Through semi-structured interviews, data was collected from 154 pregnant and post-natal Kalenjin women about restricted and recommended foods, and why they are restricted or recommended during pregnancy. Respondents were purposively selected (based on diversity) from those attending Maternal and Child Health (MCH) care in 23 rural public health facilities. Key informant interviews (n = 9) with traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) who were also herbalists, community health workers, and nursing officers in charge of MCH were also conducted. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS software. Data from respondents who gave consent to be tape recorded (n = 42) was transcribed and qualitatively analysed using MAXQDA software. Results: The restriction of animal organs specifically the tongue, heart, udder and male reproductive organs, meat and eggs, and the recommendation of traditional green vegetables and milk was reported by more than 60% of the respondents. Recommendation of fruits, traditional herbs, ugali (a dish made of maize flour, millet flour, or Sorghum flour, sometimes mixed with cassava flour), porridge and liver, and restriction of avocadoes and oily food were reported by more than 20% of the respondents. The reasons for observing these dietary precautions were mainly fears of: big foetuses, less blood, lack of strength during birth, miscarriages or stillbirths, and maternal deaths as well as child’s colic and poor skin conditions after birth. Conclusion: Pregnancy food beliefs were widely known and practised mainly to protect the health of the mother and child, and ensuring successful pregnancy outcome. Given the deep-rooted nature of the beliefs, it is advisable that when nutritious foods are restricted, nutritional interventions should rather search for alternative sources of nutrition which are available and considered to be appropriate for pregnancy. On the other hand, nutritional advice that does not address these health concerns and assumptions that underlie successful pregnancy and delivery is unlikely to be effective.
Moderating Effect of Marketing Mix Strategy on the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction of Commercial Bank Customers, Nairobi Kenya
(iJARS International Journal of Economics and Commerce, 2017-01-31) Ojera, Patrick B.
Marketing strategy remains a critical driver of customer satisfaction and competitiveness in the banking industry globally. Despite this, Commercial banks in Kenya are yet to attain required customer satisfaction levels. This is evident in the low average customer satisfaction index (CSI) which dropped from 67% in 2011 with a downward trend to 60% in 2015 way below the Kenyan Banking industry benchmark of 77%. Studies on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction revealed both positive and negative results. These suggest that the relationship may be affected by other factors such as marketing mix strategy. Previous studies have not addressed the role of marketing mix strategy comprising of product, price, promotion, place, people, process and physical evidence in the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction. The role of a moderating variable like marketing mix strategy can have a strong influence on the strength of the relationship thus it’s needed for the study. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of marketing mix strategy on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction of commercial bank customers in Nairobi, Kenya.
Negotiating Muslim–Christian Relations in Kenya through Waqfs, 1900–2010
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2017-07-27) Chembea, S. Athuman
Waqfs provided socio-economic security for the progeny of endowers and for other social welfare causes. Being thus guaranteed socio-economic well-being, these beneficiaries were antithetical to ruling elites in Muslim dynasties and Christian colonial powers, which led to the establishment of policies and institutions to control waqfs and check their growing influence. This development was not only counter to normative precepts but also set minority Muslims in predominantly Christian societies at odds with non-Muslim states. To what extent did civil policies and judgements influence waqfs? How did Muslims negotiate the secular state constructs vis-à-vis waqf practices? How did secular state control of waqfs influence the dynamics of Christian–Muslim relations? This discussion, based on ethnographic research in Kenyan coastal areas, employs two theoretical frameworks – Asad’s ‘Islam as a discursive tradition’ and Scott’s concept of ‘symbolic (ideological) resistance’. The article draws mainly on the perspective of the Muslim minority in Kenya and argues that state control of waqfs in Kenya did not only interfere with normative practices but also partly laid the ground for the present-day economic and political marginalization and exclusion of Muslims, leading to suspicion and ambiguous relations with their Christian compatriots
Discipline Strategies: Influence on Gender and Academic Level of Students: A Case of Rachuonyo North Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya
(European Journal of Educational Sciences, EJES, 2017-09-01) Momanyi, John M.; Awuor, Winnie Odhiambo Esther Kiaritha
This paper purposed to establish if there was a significant influence of discipline strategies on student academic performance based on the gender and academic level of students in Homabay County, Kenya. Over the years, students in Rachuonyo North Sub County have continued to perform poorly in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E). The objective of this study is to determine the influence of discipline strategies on academic performance by gender and academic level. The research design used was causal comparative. The researcher used simple random sampling to select 23 schools. Purposive sampling was used to identify students at different academic levels who had received any of the three discipline strategies that is suspension, manual labour, and sending students home to call their parent. The quantitative data was analyzed using paired sample t-test and repeated measures ANOVA at .05 level of significance. The study findings indicated that girls performed poorly after discipline strategies had been used on them. However, there was no significant difference in the academic performance of boys after the discipline strategies. It emerged that these discipline strategies influenced students’ academic performance differently depending on the academic level of the student with the form two and four students registering a decline and the form three students showing a slight improvement. The study recommends discipline strategies other than the three used in the study for girls. Further research is required to determine the influence of these discipline strategies in other counties.
Competing and Conflicting Power Dynamics in Waqfs in Kenya, 1900-2010
(Bayreuth African Studies Online, 2018-01-01) Chembea, Suleiman A.
Influence of Adherence to Quality Management System Standards on Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Kenya
(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2018-02-18) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.al
In Kenya, Over 3,100 Children Die Annually For Using Unsafe Water And Poor Sanitation. In The 2015/2016 Financial Year, Access To Water In Kenya Stood At 54% For Urban And 51% For Rural Areas. This Low Access To Water And Sanitation Services Could Be As A Result Of The Management Practices In The Water Services Providers. Previous Studies Have Revealed The Unsuccessful Attempts To Improve Access Of Water And Sanitation Services Through Privatization And Structural Reforms In The Water Sector.These Studies Did Not Assess How Management Practices Such As The Quality Management System Can Enhance Access To Water And Sanitation Services. The Objective Of The Study Was To Determine The Influence Of The Level Of Adherence To Quality Management System Standards On Access To Water And Sanitation Services. The Study Adopted A Combination Of Descriptive And Explanatory Research Designs. The Target Population Consisted Of The 86 Water Service Providers In Kenya. The Sample Comprised 70 Water Service Providers Who Were Selected Using The Stratified Random Sampling. The Respondents Of The Study Included The 70 General Managers Of The Selected Water Service Providers. Primary Data Was Collected By The Use Of Questionnaires. Secondary Data Was Obtained From The 2016 /2017 WASREB Report. The Instruments Were Tested For Validity And Reliability Through The Content Validity Index (CVI=0.833) And The Cronbach Alpha’ s Internal Consistency Index (A=0.773) For Reliability. The Study Found That Thelevel Of Adherence To Quality Management System Standards Significantly Influenced The Access To Water And A Sanitation Service In Kenya (T=15.7, P<0.05).The Study Recommended That The Management Of The Water Service Providers Should Strengthen The Level Of Adherence To Quality Management System Standards To Enhance Access To Water And Sanitation Services To The Members Of The Public.
Influence of Strategic Management Practices on Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Kenya
(iJARS International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2018-04-18) Ojera, Patrick B. Ojera; et.al
Globally, more than 3.4 million people die each year from water, sanitation and hygiene-related causes, 99 percent of these deaths occur in the developing world. In the 2015/2016 financial year, access to water in Kenya stood at 54% for urban and 51% for rural areas. This low access to water and sanitation services could be as a result of the management practices in the water services providers. Previous studies have revealed the unsuccessful attempts to improve access of water and sanitation services through privatization and structural reforms in the water sector.These studies did not assess how management practices such as the strategic management practices can enhance access to water and sanitation services. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of the strategic management practices on access to water and sanitation services. The study adopted a combination of descriptive and explanatory research designs. The target population consisted of the 86 water service providers in Kenya. The sample comprised of 70 water service providers who were selected using the stratified random sampling. The respondents of the study included the 70 general managers of the selected water service providers. Primary data was collected by the use of questionnaires. The instruments were tested for validity and reliability through the content validity index (CVI=0.833) and the Cronbach Alpha’s internal consistency index (a=0.773) for reliability. the study found out that the influence of level of application of strategic management practices on access to water and sanitation services was statistically significant recording Adjusted R2 =0.59 (t=7.2, p<0.05).The study recommended that the water service providers should use well-structured planning mechanism, have well written mission and vision, base decisions and actions on formulated organization policies and use resource control teams to ensure the access to water and sanitation services to its customers is enhanced .
Indigenous Management Practices in Africa
(Emerald insight, 2018-07-27) Ojera, Patrick
The purpose of this chapter is to identify African financial management practices, highlight their origin and explain how they differ from their Western counterparts. The study identified indigenous African financial practices using literature review, archival sources and library research covering the five areas of Africa comprising Northern Africa, Eastern Africa, Central Africa Western Africa and Southern Africa. The study found out that pre-colonial indigenous African financial manage ment features prevalent use of trade finance, trade credit management, investment management and accounting. While there is also evidence of modification of Western financial management practices to suit African contexts, it is on the whole scarce. This is suggestive of the fact that they were in existence in the first instance. The clear conclusion is that many indigenous African financial management prac tices pre-dated and foreshadowed their Western counterparts. Yet, it is confounding that this has been largely lost sight of, and both scholars and financial management practitioners depict the former as inferior. There is clearly a need to remedy this situation. Educators need to focus on incorporating ethno-finance concepts into the entire curricula chain from basic to higher education. The anchor point for such curricula is Ubuntu philosophy. Financial management practitioners, on their part, need to shed notions that the indigenous practices are inferior and seek to journalise their day-to-day work experiences to build a body of documented practice.
Teacher Preparedness for the Implementation of Competency Based Curriculum in Kenya:A Survey of Early Grade Primary School Teachers’ in Bomet East Sub-County
(SEREK publication, 2019) Momanyi, John M.; Rop, Peter K.
This paper explores teacher preparedness for the competency-based curriculum in Kenya. Competency based curriculum was introduce to Kenya’s Education system in 2016 as a pilot of curriculum to be rolled out under 2-6-3- 3-3 education system that is replacing the three decades old 8-4-4 system. The new curriculum is seen by many as a panacea to the problem of graduate employability in Kenya. The 8-4-4 graduates have been blamed for lacking relevant job skills. Competency based curriculum aims at engaging learners in applying knowledge through demonstration as opposed to content overload. This study focused on early grade primary teacher’s preparedness to successfully implement the competency-based curriculum. Concerns have been raised at the pilot stages on the capacity of those implementers. StuffleBeam’s CIPP curriculum Evaluation model was used to interrogate the CBC as currently implemented. The objectives of the study were to find out early grade Education teacher’s understanding of CBC, establish their capacity to realign teaching/learning resources to CBC, determine their preparedness to realign teaching/learning approaches to the demands of CBC and their capacity to evaluate a CBC curriculum. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Analysis of data reveals that teachers are inadequately prepared. Their knowledge of CBC is vague and this has hampered their delivery and evaluation. It is also recommended that KICD and ministry of education plans for more training sessions to bridge capacity gaps highlighted in pedagogy, Assessment and preparation of teaching documents.
INFLUENCE OF TEACHER RELATED FACTORS ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN KISWAHILI COMPOSITION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KISUMU WEST SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(European Journal of Education studies, 2019) Murunga, Zainab A.; Indoshi, Francis C.; Okwach, Tonny O.
Composition writing helps learners to acquire writing skills. However, students’ performance in Kiswahili composition at the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) examination shows that national performance has been fluctuating with a mean of 14.20 in 2008, 15.40 in 2009, 14.32 in 2010, 16.43 in 2011 and 10.43 in 2012out of 40 marks. From year 2008 to 2012, Kisumu West Sub-County students’ performance in the Joint Evaluation Test (JET) shows that performance was lower compared to other sub counties in Kisumu County with a mean of 11.20 which was below the county mean of 13.49. Although studies have established that teachers are key determinants of performance, students’ academic performance in Kiswahili composition has remained below average in public secondary schools in Kisumu West Sub-County. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of teacher related factors on students’ academic performance in Kiswahili composition in public secondary schools in Kisumu West Sub-County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey and correlation designs. Target population was 1622 Form 4 students, 54 teachers of Kiswahili Language, 33 Heads of Department (HOD) and 1 Sub-County Curriculum Support Officer (SCCSO). Purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 48 teachers, 29 HOD and 1 SCCSO. Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) formula was used to select a sample of 310 Form 4 students. Teacher and student questionnaire, HOD/SCCSO interview schedule and Kiswahili composition test were used for data collection. The study found a positive strong relationship between teacher related factors (R=.518* , p=.000) and students’ academic performance. It was concluded that an improvement in teacher related factors increased students’ academic performance in Kiswahili composition. The study therefore recommends that teachers should be constantly engaged in refresher courses, seminars and symposia to update their skills on Kiswahili language pedagogy so as to improve students’ academic performance.
LEARNERS’ ATTITUDE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF KISWAHILI IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES
(European Journal of Education Studies, 2019) Mutheu, Wambua A.; Okwach, Tonny O.; Indoshi, Francis C.; Amukowa, Deborah N.
Existing studies indicate that increasing effectiveness in teaching and learning positively influence performance. However, challenges may diminish effectiveness in teaching and learning leading to poor performance. The study focused on challenges in relation to learners’ attitude towards Kiswahili and the strategies for coping with the challenges in teaching of Kiswahili in public secondary schools in Hamisi Sub-county, Vihiga County, Kenya. Study population was 4,106 form four students, 139 Kiswahili teachers, 47 principals and 1 Quality Assurance and Standards Officer. Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) formula was used to select a sample of 351 form four students and purposive sampling was used to select 42 form four teachers of Kiswahili. Saturated sampling technique was used to select 42 principals and 1 QASO. In this study questionnaires and interview schedule were used in data collection. Quantitative data was analysed by descriptive statistics involving frequencies, means and percentages and presented on tables. Qualitative data was categorized into themes and reported in verbatim excerpts. Learners had positive attitude towards objectives and content at mean ratings of 3.02 and 2.94 respectively. However, learners had challenges in teaching methods and evaluation techniques. They had negative attitude towards teaching methods and evaluation techniques at mean ratings of 2.44 and 2.34 respectively. The main strategy for coping with these challenges was speaking Kiswahili on specific days highly applied at 3.22. Motivational speeches and rewards as well as encouraging wide reading were lowly applied at 2.45 and 2.43 respectively. Other strategies that emerged from the study were use of Kiswahili clubs, discouraging learners from listening to adulterated Kiswahili and making Kiswahili lessons interesting. In conclusions, though the overall learners’ attitude towards objectives and content is positive, they have negative attitude towards teaching methods and evaluation techniques. Schools have various strategies for coping with the challenges applied at different extents. The study recommends that schools endeavor to inculcate positive attitude among learners towards teaching methods and evaluation procedures by making them learner centered and properly guiding them in these activities. Teachers need to expose learners to a variety of teaching methods and evaluation techniques and provide timely feedback. This will make learners more enthusiastic and confident and in turn improve performance. The study findings may benefit teachers, scholars, curriculum developers, policy makers and other interested parties in understanding the challenges in relation to learners’ attitude, adopting and strengthening the strategies as well as seeking solutions to the challenges in order to improve the teaching and learning process
LEARNERS’ ASSESSMENT SUPERVISION TRAINING NEEDS OF PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOL HEAD TEACHERS IN BUNGOMA WEST SUB- COUNTY, KENYA
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH, 2019-03) Omusonga, Tony Okwach
Effective curriculum supervision by head teachers is necessary for schools to offer quality education to learners. possess requisite knowledge, skills and attitude in supervision of learners’ assessment. In Bungoma West Sub-County low academic achievement was an issue in m of Primary Education (KCPE) examination, the Sub below average with performance indices of 237.22, 239.63 and 232.30 respectively out of possible 500 marks. This was attributed to various factors, with inefficiency in learners’ assessment often mentioned by stakeholders in the Sub for primary school head teachers had previously b and not actual curriculum supervision needs of head teachers. The purpose of the study was to assess learners’ assessment supervision training needs of public primary school head teachers in Bungoma W Sub-County. Specific objectives were to determine the discrepancies between the ideal and actual learners’ assessment supervision knowledge, skills and attitudes of the head teachers. The study used descriptive survey research design. A conceptual fr guide the study. The study population was 81 primary school head teachers, 1 Sub Education (SCDE) and 1 Teachers Service Commission Sub instruments comprised of head teachers questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis guide. To ascertain reliability of the instruments, a pilot study was carried out involving 10% of the study population. Curriculum studies experts at Bomet Univer re-test was analyzed by descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages and means. Quali based on objectives and analyzed between ideal and actual learners’ assessment supervision knowledge and skills of head teachers (m=4.02). The study equally observed ve assessment supervision (m=3.75). The study concluded that head teachers had training needs with regard to learners’ assessment. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended th primary school head teachers should focus on participants’ knowledge, skills and attitudes in learners’ assessment supervision with specific emphasis on construction of various types of test items and mechanisms for monitoring quality significant to the Ministry of Education and Teachers Service Commission Sub organization of INSET courses for head teachers. The study findings further contr knowledge in the field of teacher education and training.

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