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Assessing the Effectiveness of Local-Based Approaches Adopted Towards Addressing Terrorism in Lamu County, Kenya and Baadadhe District, Somalia
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-02-18) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
In the global context, terrorism has evolved into a complex and transnational threat. Al-Shabaab posed significant threats, particularly to East African countries, due to its capacity for numerous attacks in Somalia and neighboring nations. Despite employing alternative strategies, such as a multiagency and comprehensive government approach to tackle terrorism in Lamu and Baadadhe, acts of terror persisted in the region. The study explored the efficacy of a populace-centered approach in curbing terrorism in Somalia and Kenya. The populace-centered approach aimed to actively involve the local population in Lamu County, Basuba Ward, in socio-economic development initiated by security personnel to address the root cause of insecurity problems. The approach was guided by the Securitization theory, System theory, and Power theory, which held a significant relationship with the terror threats and insecurity challenges in Lamu County and Baadadhe district. The study employed a descriptive research design with stratified sampling, with target population 4506 and a sample size of 363 obtained through Slovin sampling formula. It gathered stakeholders' perspectives through questionnaires, interviews, and group discussions. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses . Quantitative data was analyzed through statistical analysis while qualitative data was analyzed thematic analysis. The analysis revealed community responses to terrorism, including physical and cyber threats, through initiatives like neighborhood watch groups and religious collaborations. The study highlighted the importance of strengthening existing structures like neighborhood watch groups and enhancing collaborations with religious leaders and schools. The study concluded that the populace involvement in countering terrorism in Lamu, Kenya and Baadadhe, Somalia reflects a vigilant and multifaceted approach encompassing various aspects, from physical to cyber threats. Further, the research concluded that populace-centered approach is effective in curbing terrorism through information sharing. The study recommended for active involvement of community leaders in security committees and advocated for a legal framework supporting a populace-centered approach to counter-terrorism. Policymakers and security agencies should consider diverse economic and environmental contexts in Lamu County, Kenya, Baadadhe, Somalia
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF COMPLIANCE OF MOTOR CYCLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATORS WITH ROAD SAFETY REGULATIONS IN GUCHA SUB COUNTY.
(African Journal of Social, 2024-10-20) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The study examines the impacts of compliance of motor cycle public transport operators with road safety regulations. The study focused on Gucha sub-county within Kisii County in Kenya. The entire population of this sub-county is ninety-three thousand five hundred and thirty people. This was the target population with emphasis on four groups of people thus riders, passengers, traffic police and health professionals. The sample size of this study was 220 which was attained using simple random sampling method. The tools that were used to collect data include questionnaire with structured and unstructured questions and an interview guide. The pilot study was conducted in Nyaribari Chache sub-county within Kisii County. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics by organizing it into frequency distribution tables and percentages. The study found that adherence to road safety regulations enhances personal safety, albeit at increased operational costs. Evidence shows reduced accidents, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced operational efficiency, highlighting the benefits and challenges of compliance in enhancing overall safety and service quality. By doing so, they are not only able to improve the safety results but also optimize the efficacy regarding the motorcycle public transport in the region, which can lead to the sustainability of the particular companies and their ability to withstand the regulatory changes. There is an urgent need to strengthen the performance of measures relating to enforcement of the existing road safety legal requirements. Policy makers should encourage the operators to put more funds into safety by allowing any form of tax credit for capital expenditure to be deposited in new safety equipment and other improved infrastructure.
Assessing the Socio-Economic Impact of the Chinese Transfer of Values, Skills, and Technology in Infrastructural Development in Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2023-02-18) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
This study assessed the socio-economic impact of Chinese principle of transfer of values, skills and technology in infrastructural development in Kenya. This study was based on dependency, modernization and power theories which informed the conceptual framework of the research. This study adopted descriptive research design. Data was collected by the use of Questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussion and desk top review. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in bar graphs, tables and percentages. The study found that during Chinese infrastructural development in Kenya, the informal sector benefited from China's skill transfer. The study concluded that Kenya-China bilateral relations has impacted positively on Kenya's international relation which is indicated by increased Foreign Direct Investments into Kenya by specifically Western states. The researcher recommends that Kenyan government should formulate a policy that will ensure that the technological skills impacted on Kenyan workers by the Chinese construction firms should be improved and included in the Kenyan schools’ curriculum.
ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE CAUSES OF ACTS OF TERRORISM IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
(GUSAU JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, 2024-05-01) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Nowadays, terrorism is one of the biggest problems confronting the world. Terrorism and insecurity pose significant global concerns and Nigeria has been bedeviled by a number of security challenges, the most prominent being that of Boko Haram. Worldwide, terrorism continues to become more concentrated, with 57 countries reporting a terror attack in 2022, compared to 59 in 2021 and 74 in 2015 when terrorism reached its peak. Terrorism was most concentrated in the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa, where 65 per cent of attacks in the region took place in the ten countries in the region. In Nigeria, the impact of terrorism, however, witnessed a temporal decline; with total deaths falling by 23 per cent, decreasing from 497 in 2021 to 385 in 2022.This study assessed public perception on the causes of acts of terrorism in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. In Jos North, a combination of factors-economic, political and identity - has instigated violence over the years, producing segregation in the city mainly along ethnic lines. The sample for this study is made up of four hundred and twenty (420) respondents drawn from a total population of 917,000, using a combination of probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The study sample was determined using the sample size determination table by Krejcie and Morgan. The survey gathered responses from 403 out of 420, with a response rate of 96%. Data were analyzed through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. The study was guided by the social structure and anomie theory. It was found from this study that respondents attributed the causes of acts of terrorism in the study area to political marginalization, injustice, poverty, unemployment, and negative religious teaching. The consequences of terrorism are significant and have wide-ranging impacts on the community by way of economic and social disruption. In light of the above findings, the study recommends the need to address political marginalization through inclusive governance, tackling injustice through fair legal systems, implementing policies to mitigate poverty, reduce unemployment and promote positive teachings to counteract negative influences. Additionally, there is the need to encourage community engagement and education, to mitigate the root causes of terrorism.
Challenges and Opportunities of the African Union Peer Review Mechanism (AUPRM) in Enhancing Electoral Democracy Kenya Since 2003
(IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2024) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
he Post-Cold War African Union (AU) adopted a good number of initiatives to address the seemingly perennial problems of poverty, underdevelopment, bad governance, corruption, instability and political decay, with an overarching intention of speeding up development in the continent. One notable initiative in this regard was the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). APRM’s ideological architecture represented a shift in the ideological thinking of African leaders as they sought to reverse the trend of lack of accountability, political despotism and corruption in an effort to embrace and enhance good governance and electoral democracy. Despite, the application of Peer Reviews, conflicts are still rampant and endless threat to peace and security in the continent. Although Kenya has undergone two APRM self-assessment processes, electoral violence and electoral malpractice still bedevils the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the challenges and opportunities of APRM in the promotion of Electoral Democracy in Kenya. The study was guided by Political Realism, Innovative Diplomatic and Neo-Functionalism Theories. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population included the actors and stakeholders in the APRM process. The sample size was 48. Purposive, census, stratified random sampling were used to determine samples. The questionnaire, interview schedule and FGD were used with Quantitative data being analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses were themed and frequencies done. The study established that political interference, inadequate staff, influence of partners, resource constrains, low publicity, delays and postponements, lack of evaluation, lack of an enforcement mechanism and voluntary participation as the main challenges facing APPM in Kenya. The study also identifies opportunities such APRM being benchmark for good governance on international standards, it gives a chance to evaluate governance, APRM helps in mainstreaming of the civil society on governance. Furthermore, it shows cases the country and gives the country an opportunity to evaluate national initiatives and enhance state corporation. The study recommended an all-inclusive process to limit state influence over the APRM process at all stages citing that APRM should be all inclusive. The study also recommended the adoption of an enforcement mechanism to enable implementation. The findings would be beneficial to partner-states of APRM with regard to promotion of Electoral Democracy.
Challenges to Peaceful Nominations: Youth Participation in Politics in Homa Bay County, Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-02-18) Odhiambo,Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
This research article underscored challenges to peaceful nominations by focusing on youth participation in politics of Homa Bay County Kenya. The research reviewed various literatures that informed the findings of the study. The article was informed by two theories; institutionalism theory and pluralism theory. Since it was a qualitative study, it adopted cross sectional research design. Data was collected by use of interview guides, focus group discussions and secondary sources. It was analyzed by use of content and thematic analysis. The analyzed data was presented by use of themes and verbatim quotations. The researcher found out that; Political violence, fueled by socio-economic and ethnic tensions, disrupts peaceful nominations in Homa Bay, compromising democratic integrity and limiting youth participation. It concluded that; Political violence undermines Homa Bay’s democratic stability, fostering fear and exclusion. Institutional and pluralism theories support reforms for inclusive electoral processes. Therefore, the researcher recommended that; Strengthen electoral institutions, ensure transparency, foster socio-economic development, and promote dialogue to reduce political violence and support youth engagement.
The Church as an Agent of Behavioural Change:
(International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 2022-06-30) Korir, Simion Kiprotich; Ayanga, Hazel; et.al.
The church is tasked with the responsibility of being a transformative agent. Societal transformation is an integral part of the church’s mission that is complementary to the focal mission which is relay the Good News of Jesus Christ, invite populations to repentance and cultivates faith alongside baptizing them. Minimal studies exist that suggest practical mechanisms that the church can use to discourage Christian youth from engagement in unproductive political activities. This paper explores ways in which the church can affect behavioral change among young people in an effort to guide the young people who decide to engage in political activities. The main objective was to establish on how the church can become an agent of behavioral change. It is evident that some young people are bribed to engage in negative behaviour in times of political electioneering. They accept the money because they are unemployed and generally live below the poverty line. The article explores what the church can do to change this trend. The study established that some Christian youth who engage in political activities do so because of dire conditions that threaten their survival. Additionally, the church has a significant role to play as an agent of behavioural change and subsequently guide the youth to engage in productive politics. The study recommends that youth should be guided through structured workshops, trainings, and mentorship programs to help them make the right decision on whether or not to engage in unproductive political activities.
CLIMATE IMPACTS ON EXTREME WEATHER :
(Elsevier, 2022-12-31) Recha, Charles W. et.al
Competing and Conflicting Power Dynamics in Waqfs in Kenya, 1900-2010
(Bayreuth African Studies Online, 2018-01-01) Chembea, Suleiman A.
Contribution of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices on Food Availability among Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia County, Kenya
(Rigorous Journal of Research and Development (RJRD), 2024-11-13) Recha, Charles W.; et.al
Climate change has negatively impacted on bio-diversity, rural livelihoods, national and global economies. Several smallholder farmers in Laikipia County have adopted a number of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs) as mitigation measures and coping strategies, including water harvesting and use, conservation agriculture, agroforestry, pest and disease control, and crop diversification. This study sought to assess the contribution of climate smart agricultural practices on food availability among smallholder farmers in Laikipia County, Kenya. It was guided by the action theory of adaptation and the correlation research design was used. The accessible population were 74,282 households who were practicing small scale farming in Laikipia County during the 2021/2022 cropping season. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample of 384. Questionnaire and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were used to collect primary data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (ordered logistic regression) using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) program version 28 were used to analyze data. Results showed that food availability significantly improved as a result of climate-smart agriculture [the coefficient for Climate-Smart Agriculture (0.400) was positive and statistically significant at 5% (p-value = 0.000)]. Smallholder farmers who have not implemented CSAPs recommendations should be encouraged to start practicing due to its positive contribution to food availability.
Determinants on How Training And Nature Influences Public Participation In Governance In Narok County, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The global development is a major target of the World Bank through consideration of the diverse opinions. The millennium development goals fully support the global development. In various continents such as Europe, considering the opinions from the citizen in governance and in policy formulation is important. In Africa, different bodies are campaigning for inclusion and considerations of the citizen opinions from different perspectives without any form of discriminations as far as governance processes are concerned. The promulgation of the Kenyan constitution (2010) opened room for citizen participation by supporting participatory governance as a principle which binds government stakeholders; unfortunately there is improper public involvement in policy process in some Counties. Over the years, Kenya has little by little shifted from centralized to a decentralized form of governance; The 47 counties in Kenya have gradually moved to such form of governance by including public participation in their legislations, while a county like Narok which is among the 47 counties rarely conduct public participation while making county by-laws. The paper therefore, determines how training and nature influences public participation in governance in Narok County. Four theories were used: constraints theory, stakeholder’s theory, Arnstein’s participation ladder theory and the theory of moral unity in governance ethics. A descriptive research study was used. Since the target population was 800,000, sample size of 384 was used according to Mugenda and Mugenda in relation to target population. Stratified random sampling was used. The data was collected by the use of questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 27 and presented in percentages, frequencies and tables. The findings indicated that lack of training in governance and sensitizations of the citizen affects the effectiveness of public participation. The study recommends that the county management team and administrators should ensure that there is training and sensitization of public members, allocation of funds and practice of good governance which embraces equality, participation, democracy, transparency, accountability, efficiency and equality.
Diarrhea Disease among Children under 5 Years of Age: A Global Systematic Review
(Open Journal of Epidemiology, 2021-06-28) Recha, Charles W.; Manetu, Winfred Mbinya
Diarrhea diseases remain the second leading cause of death among children under five years globally. Nearly one in every five child deaths, about 1.6 mil lion each year, are due to diarrhea. Further, diarrhea kills more young child ren than malaria, measles and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) combined. As a result, better understanding of childhood diarrhea occurrence can perhaps help reduce associated morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, this study conducted a global systematic review on occurrence of childhood diarrhea. The broad objective of this study was to review present and past researches on childhood diarrhea and most importantly for children under 5 years of age. The review focused on understanding the burden of di arrhea, causes of childhood diarrhea and solutions to the disease. A systemat ic literature review was conducted using the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Search key terms used were childhood diarrhea, risk factors and intervention practices. Journal articles and related reports were filtered and limited from 2005 to 2020. Sixty-one reports and ar ticles that met inclusion criteria were used in this review. Review found that, childhood diarrhea imposes economic costs on the health system and fami lies. Also, repeated bouts of diarrhea can lead to malnutrition, stunting and delayed brain growth later in life and can lead to stress and tension to the af fected households. The dependence on open water sources which are often contaminated with fecal materials was found as the major cause of the rising prevalence of childhood diarrhea. Other important factors were poor hygienic practices and lack of sanitation facilities contribute to the spread of diarrhea diseases. Improvements in the quality of drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices especially in low and middle income countries have been suggested by many studies as an intervention to reduce childhood di arrhea.
Disaster Response Operations Incident Command Systems in Mombasa County, Kenya
(Open Access Library Journal, 2023-06-06) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al
Most of the previous disaster response by first responders shows the insigni ficant existence of a management structure that syntheses complex disaster scenarios and response under exceptional circumstances as a unitary system. Cases of Delay in response to emergencies resulting in death and uncoordi nated response are prevalent among response organizations due to minimal use of Incident Command System. Globally, the U.S. response organization’s ability to provide effective and coordinated responses to complex incidents came under intense scrutiny in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the dissemination of anthrax in 2001. Regionally, the response to the Ebola virus outbreak in Sierra Leone overwhelmed the national capacity to contain it necessitating a massive international response. The inapplicability of the Incident Command System contributed to the duplication of efforts between the coordination groups, and slow resource mobilization. At a national level, the 2002 Mombasa attack was a two-pronged terrorist attack on 28 November 2002 in Mombasa, Kenya against an Israeli-owned hotel and a plane belong ing to Arkia Airlines. An all-terrain vehicle crashed through a barrier outside the Paradise Hotel and blew up, killing 13 and injuring 80. At the same time, attackers fired two surface-to-air missiles at an Israeli charter plane. The Pa radise Hotel was the only Israeli-owned hotel in Mombasa. The Paradise Ho tel terror attack in 2002 in Mombasa and the Westgate terror attack in 2013 in Nairobi showed operation decay. The Westgate terror attack siege lasted 80 hours and resulted in at least 67 deaths and more than 175 people wounded in the mass shooting. A fatal friendly fire incident between security forces undermined the response and left the attackers free to prolong their slaugh ter. This research, therefore, sought to examine the structure of Mombasa County Incident Command System of a few selected organizations influen cing disaster response operations. Contingency theory and goal theory guided the study. A descriptive research design was used. A stratified sampling tech nique was used to determine the sample category of 155 respondents from, the Red Cross Society, Kenya Police Service, Mombasa Fire Brigade, and National Youth Service. The instruments of data collection were structured questionnaires. SPSS version 27 was used to analyze data and then presented it on tables and graphs. Test validity refers to the degree to which the test ac tually measures what it claims to measure. Test validity is also the extent to which inferences, conclusions, and decisions made on the basis of test scores are appropriate and meaningful. Validity was determined using content va lidity while reliability using a retest process. Results indicated that differences in organizations’ Incident Command System affected effective response to disaster operations. Also, lack of cooperation by multiagency, waste and dup lication of resources, and difficulty in coordinating response activities were the challenges identified that an organization face while responding to large disasters in the absence of the Incident Command System. The study recom mends that response agencies should embrace fostering cooperation during joint operations to avoid waste of resources and duplication of roles and dif ficulty in coordinating response activities through the use of the Incident Command System.
The Dominant Mass Media Frames used in Kenya to Portray Organic Farming Practice
(2023-04-30) Koech, Leornard
The purpose of the study was to investigate the dominant mass media frames used in Kenya to portray organic farming practices. This study involved systematically analyzing the content of media messages, such as news articles, television programs, and social media posts, to identify the dominant frames used to portray organic farmingpractices. This approach involved identifying relevant media sources and analyzing their coverage of organic farming over a specified period, looking for patterns in the frames used and how they are presented .This study involved collecting data from a sample of the public to understand their perceptions and attitudes towards organic farming, as well as the sources of information they rely on for their knowledge about organic farming. This approach involved designing a survey questionnaire, selecting a representative sample of the population, and collecting and analyzing the data collected .Depending on the methodology chosen, researchers needed to carefully select their sample. For example, if using content analysis, researchers needed to identify relevant media sources to analyze. If conducting surveys or focus groups, researchers needed to select a representative sample of the population. The Researcher collected data from relevant sources, such as media outlets, members of the public, or stakeholders in the organic farming industry. Depending on the methodology chosen, data collection involved analyzing media content, conducting surveys or interviews, or facilitating focus group discussions (Sapsford, 1996).The Researcher analyzed the data collected to identify the dominant mass media frames used to portray organic farming practices in Kenya. This analysis involved identifying patterns in media coverage or public attitudes towards organic farming, or identifying key themes and topics that emerge from interviews or focus group discussions. The researcher concluded that dominant mass media frames used in Kenya to portray organic farming practices are diverse and complex, reflecting a range of social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors. These frames are influenced by various actors, including media outlets, policymakers, advocacy groups, and consumers. Agenda-setting andframing theoriesprovided useful frameworks for understanding the ways in which the dominant media frames are constructed, disseminated, and received by different audiences. They highlight the importance of media in shaping public perceptions and attitudes towards organic farming practices, as well as their implications for consumer behavior and policy decisions related to organic farming. The findings of this study suggested that the dominant mass media framesused in Kenya to portray organic farming practices had significant implications for consumer behavior and policy decisions related to organic farming. By promoting positive perceptions of organic farming, these frames helped to support the growth of the organic farming sector in Kenya and had positive implications for health, environmental sustainability, and economic development. Media outlets, policymakers, and advocacy groups should work towards promoting positive media frames that highlight the benefits of organic farming practices. This can help to increase public awareness and understanding of organic farming practices, and can promote consumer demand for organic products. There is a need for the development of effective communication strategies that target different audiences, including consumers, farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. These strategies should be designed to promote greater awareness and understanding of the benefits and challenges of organic farming practices, and to dispel any misconceptions or myths about organic farming.
The effectiveness of Mass Media Frames in promoting Organic Farming practices in Kenya
(Great Journs, 2023-04-30) Koech, Leornard
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of mass media frames in promoting organic farming practices in Kenya. The study was guided by Social Learning Theory is highly relevant to the study on the effectiveness of mass media frames in promoting organic farming practices in Kenya. This theory posits that people learn by observing others, and that media can be a powerful tool for social learning. The study employed a quasi experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements to determine the impact of mass media frames on promoting organic farming practices in Kenya. The study used purposive sampling to select farmers who practice organic farming in Kenya. The farmers were selected from different regions across the country to ensure diversity in the sample. Additionally, a control group of farmers who do not practice organic farming will be selected to establish a baseline for comparison. The study used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to collect data. The following data collection methods was used: A pre-test survey was conducted before the mass media campaign, and a post-test survey was conducted after the campaign to measure changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviorstowards organic farming practices. Focus group discussions was conducted to gain insights into the farmers' perceptions of the mass media frames and their effectiveness in promoting organic farming practices. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the quantitative data collected from the surveys. The qualitative data collected from the focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were analyzed thematically. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, confidentiality, and privacy was observed throughout the study. The researcher concluded that, the effectiveness of mass media frames in promoting organic farming practices in Kenya can be evaluated by measuring changes in farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards organic farming practices, as well as the reach and engagement of the mass media campaign. The findings may vary depending on the specific campaign, the target audience, and the context in which the campaign is implemented. However, an effectivemass media campaign should lead to increased awareness and knowledge of organic farming practices among farmers, a positive shift in attitudes towards organic farming practices, and increased adoption of organic farming practices by farmers. Additionally, the campaign should have a significant reach and engagement with the target audience, and any challenges and limitations identified should be addressed to ensure the campaign's sustainability. The findings on the effectiveness of mass media frames in promoting organic farming practices in Kenya can inform policy and practice in the agricultural sector, contribute to the body of knowledge on the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in promoting sustainable agriculture practices, and guide future mass media campaigns aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture practices in Kenya and other similar contexts. Based on the findings of the study on the effectiveness of mass media frames in promoting organic farming practices in Kenya, the following recommendations can be made: Ensure that the mass media campaign is designed to meet the specific needs and interests of the target audience, using appropriate language and channels of communication to effectively reach and engage the audience. Develop and implement comprehensive follow-up support and resources to enable farmers to adopt and sustain organic farming practices after the mass media campaign.
Effectiveness of Multitrack Diplomacy Actors in Critical Assessment of Kenya’s Presidential Election Outcomes, 2007-2017
(Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2021-08-23) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
In Kenya’s last four presidential elections, election observers had been seriously looked upon by both the Kenyan voters and the international community to provide alternative but credible information on the process and outcomes of presidential elections in Kenya. This was expected to promote legitimacy of the outcomes. Given that there was a dearth of specific scholarship to address the question, this study was conducted. This paper therefore examines the effectiveness of multitrack diplomacy in monitoring Kenya’s presidential election outcomes. The study was epistemological. It was conducted in 8 of the 17 constituencies of Nairobi City County which hosts the Kenya’s largest city and its capital with a natural representation of the population of the entire country. Out of the over 4 million residents of Nairobi City County, total sample size was 441 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 25 key informant interview respondents). The study reached 436 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 20 key informant interview respondents) out of 4 million people. Targeted were Kenya citizens who had voted at least once for a presidential candidate in any of the presidential elections held between 2007 and 2017 for the survey; individuals working with and for government institutions in Kenya’s electoral systems especially the election management body, ministry of foreign affairs, members of parliament, the Chief Justice, pollsters, the media, non-governmental organizations, religious institutions across all faiths as to Muslims, Christians and Hindu, major political parties, former election observers and diplomatic missions. The study found that multitrack diplomacy (MTD) actors or election observer missions (EOMs) observed election irregularities to above 50%. They detected electoral fraud in the 2007 presidential elections, identified election irregularities in the 2013 and the 2017 presidential elections but could not deter nor prevent outcome fraud. The paper, based on the study, concluded that multitrack diplomacy actors that monitored the presidential elections were fairly effective, they had reasonable capacity, fairly above 50%. Overall, multitrack diplomacy is effective in monitoring of Kenya’s presidential election but inefficacious in preventing and deterring election outcome fraud. Multitrack diplomacy actors-the election observation missions (EOMs) to use enhanced technology to match the electoral systems technology, improve on their objectivity during monitoring and be granted full accesses by governments and election management bodies (EMBs) for systematic, comprehensive and accurate monitoring.
Effectiveness of Multitrack Diplomacy Actors in Critical Assessment of Kenya’s Presidential Election Outcomes, 2007-2017
(Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2021-02-18) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
In Kenya’s last four presidential elections, election observers had been seriously looked upon by both the Kenyan voters and the international community to provide alternative but credible information on the process and outcomes of presidential elections in Kenya. This was expected to promote legitimacy of the outcomes. Given that there was a dearth of specific scholarship to address the question, this study was conducted. This paper therefore examines the effectiveness of multitrack diplomacy in monitoring Kenya’s presidential election outcomes. The study was epistemological. It was conducted in 8 of the 17 constituencies of Nairobi City County which hosts the Kenya’s largest city and its capital with a natural representation of the population of the entire country. Out of the over 4 million residents of Nairobi City County, total sample size was 441 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 25 key informant interview respondents). The study reached 436 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 20 key informant interview respondents) out of 4 million people. Targeted were Kenya citizens who had voted at least once for a presidential candidate in any of the presidential elections held between 2007 and 2017 for the survey; individuals working with and for government institutions in Kenya’s electoral systems especially the election management body, ministry of foreign affairs, members of parliament, the Chief Justice, pollsters, the media, non-governmental organizations, religious institutions across all faiths as to Muslims, Christians and Hindu, major political parties, former election observers and diplomatic missions. The study found that multitrack diplomacy (MTD) actors or election observer missions (EOMs) observed election irregularities to above 50%. They detected electoral fraud in the 2007 presidential elections, identified election irregularities in the 2013 and the 2017 presidential elections but could not deter nor prevent outcome fraud. The paper, based on the study, concluded that multitrack diplomacy actors that monitored the presidential elections were fairly effective, they had reasonable capacity, fairly above 50%. Overall, multitrack diplomacy is effective in monitoring of Kenya’s presidential election but inefficacious in preventing and deterring election outcome fraud. Multitrack diplomacy actors-the election observation missions (EOMs) to use enhanced technology to match the electoral systems technology, improve on their objectivity during monitoring and be granted full accesses by governments and election management bodies (EMBs) for systematic, comprehensive and accurate monitoring.
Ethical Considerations in Authorship and Postgraduate Supervision in Universities in Kenya
(Journal of Education and Practice, 2023-05-31) Recha, Charles W.; Wanyonyi, Mulalu
The emergence of knowledge economy has put premium on higher education. This has led to a rise in the number of postgraduate training and reforms in higher education. Research, a core mandate of institutions of higher learning, should enable states to meet development needs. Research for development will require the highest standards possible in the conduct of research. This has led to calls for research ethics to protect individuals, communities and the environment. In this study, we explore ethical considerations in authorship and postgraduate supervision in universities in Kenya using a desktop survey. The study established that in Kenya, Universities Standards and Guidelines 2014 and Harmonized Criteria and Guidelines for Appointment and Promotion of Academic Staff in Universities in Kenya have apportioned the highest score on research and publication for appointment and promotion of academic staff in universities. This is likely to trigger unethical practices, increase authorship disputes and undermine collaborative research. The existing framework does not provide for a criteria on authorship listing; and the mandate of Institutional Ethics Review Committees (IERCs) is limited to approval of research proposal and treatment of human participants. Universities in Kenya have developed procedures for appointment and specified the responsibilities of supervisors of postgraduate students. However, very little has been done to train and inculcate research ethics in postgraduate students and supervisors. To mitigate these, universities should develop criterion for awarding publication credit. IERCs should expand their mandate to include ethical consideration beyond a research proposal and universities should train supervisors on supervision and research ethics before appointment. Further research is required to determine the preparedness of supervisors of postgraduate students in Kenya in the responsible conduct of research.
Exploring the Interplay Between Multiagency Security Challenges and Economic Security in Lamu County, Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2025-02) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause
The article underscored challenges arising from multi agency security approach and economic security in Lamu County-Kenya. The specific objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of multi-agency security strategies adopted in enhancing economic security in Lamu County, Kenya. Various literatures were reviewed in a funnel shape from the global, continental, regional, national and then to area of study. The study was guided by system theory. It adopted descriptive research design since it was a mixed research approach. Purposive and snowballing sampling technique was utilized to reach respondents. Additionally, fishers formula was embraced to derive the sample size of 384 respondents since the target population was more than 10, 000 people from Lamu County, which has a total population of 143,920 persons according to Kenya 2019 census report. The data was analyzed by use of triangulation method of analysis whereby, content analysis, thematic analysis and verbatim quotations were used. The research article found out that lack of coordination and communication among security agencies significantly hampers multi-agency efforts to enhance economic security in Lamu County. Additionally, it emerged that, fragmented initiatives and resource limitations impede swift responses to evolving threats. Moreover, the research article concludes that; socio-political intolerance disrupts collaboration, fosters divided loyalties, and politicizes security efforts, undermining community trust and the impartiality of security measures. Therefore, the research article recommends that; in order to promote inclusivity and impartiality in security policies, ensuring measures are seen as fair and non-partisan, continuous training programs are essential for updating skills, particularly in technological and collaborative aspects of security
Extent of Adoption of Selected Climate smart Agricultural Practices among Smallholder Farmers in Laikipia County, Kenya
(International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2024-08-31) Recha, Charles W.; et.al
Aim: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an integrative approach to address the challenges of food security and climate change. This study sought to assess the extent of adoption of climate smart agricultural practices in Laikipia County, Kenya. Study Design: This study used correlation research design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Laikipia county. Specifically in the sub counties Laikipia West, Laikipia East and Laikipia North. The study was carried out in July – August 2022. Methodology: A multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample of 384 smallholder farmers households across the three sub-counties. Systematic random sampling was used to select every tenth household from the sample size. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the sampled households (all of whom were smallholder farmers). Descriptive statistical analysis was used to determine the extent of adoption of selected Climate Smart Agricultural Practices among smallholder farmers in Laikipia County, Kenya. The study used a chi-square (X²) test of independence to establish a relationship in the adoption of CSA practices across the three study sites Results: This study found that crop diversification (87%), mixed farming (crop farming and livestock keeping) (83%), use of pesticides and fungicides (80%) and crop rotation (74%) were the most adopted climate smart agricultural practices (CSAPs). On extent of adoption, full adoption was highest on pest and disease control (54%) and diversification of farming practices (52%); partial adoption was highest in conservation agriculture (54%); and non-adoption was highest on agroforestry (42%). Conclusion: It is recommended that stakeholders should improve the adoption of water harvesting/use, conservation agriculture and agroforestry – critical climate smart agricultural practices in semi-arid environments.

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