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Item Analysing Leadership Roles in Incentivising Teacher Performance Among Principals, Deputies, and HODs in Kenya(International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) 8, 2023-10-15) Sigilai , Richard MaiteThe study aimed to examine the various approaches utilized by educational administrators, including Principals, Deputies, and Heads of Departments (HODs), to motivate and enhance teacher performance within the context of Kuresoi Sub-county, located in Nakuru County, Kenya. Utilizing a quantitative research approach, the study employed closed-ended questionnaires as a data collection method. A sample size of 266 participants was chosen for the study, consisting of 38 principals, 38 deputy principals, and 190 heads of departments (HODs). The results of the study indicated that there were notable differences in the inclination towards specific strategies depending on the leadership position. Deputies primarily employed formal acknowledgement strategies, such as conducting meetings and sending out memos, while Principals showed a greater inclination towards recognizing individuals through personal commendations. The significance of Heads of Departments (HODs) was particularly highlighted by their emphasis on recognizing teacher achievements through individualized memoranda. This study presents a new perspective by offering valuable insights into the nuanced strategies employed by various leadership positions within the educational landscape of Kenya. It highlights the importance of implementing customized strategies for acknowledgement that align with each post's distinct responsibilities and inclinations. The findings of this study have significant implications for educational policy and leadership training programs, intending to optimize teacher motivation and performance.Item ANALYSIS OF DIRECT TAXES AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF THE KENYAN ECONOMY(European Journal of Economic and Financial Research, 2022-03-26) Obura, JohnMark,Gross Domestic Product acts as an indicator of the economic growth of a country. To enhance economic growth, the government must initiate development that would spur such growth. Gross Domestic Product represents the rise or fall in per capita income. To facilitate such development, the government should ensure consistent income through taxation. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between direct taxes and the Gross Domestic Product of the Kenyan economy. The independent variable was direct tax while the dependent variable was real Gross Domestic Product. The Benefit theory of taxation was used in the study. Time series data collected from Economic Survey for 21 years covering the period 1999-2020 was used in the study. The data was analyzed using inferential statistics. The results showed that direct tax accounted for 84% of real GDP during the period under study (R2=.85) ad that there was a strong positive correlation between direct tax and real GDP (R=.916). Moreover, it was revealed that a unit standard increase in direct tax would significantly lead to .916 increase in real GDP (ß=.916, p<0.05). In conclusion, the study failed to accept the null hypothesis and concluded that Direct Taxes have a significant relationship with the Real Gross Domestic Product of the Kenyan economy. The study recommended that government should ensure an effective and efficient way of collecting and utilizing direct taxes since they have a direct bearing on the growth of the economy.Item ANALYSIS OF DIRECT TAXES AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF THE KENYAN ECONOMY(European Journal of Economic and Financial Research, 2022-03-26) Obura, JohnmarkGross Domestic Product acts as an indicator of the economic growth of a country. To enhance economic growth, the government must initiate development that would spur such growth. Gross Domestic Product represents the rise or fall in per capita income. To facilitate such development, the government should ensure consistent income through taxation. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between direct taxes and the Gross Domestic Product of the Kenyan economy. The independent variable was direct tax while the dependent variable was real Gross Domestic Product. The Benefit theory of taxation was used in the study. Time series data collected from Economic Survey for 21 years covering the period 1999-2020 was used in the study. The data was analyzed using inferential statistics. The results showed that direct tax accounted for 84% of real GDP during the period under study (R2=.85) ad that there was a strong positive correlation between direct tax and real GDP (R=.916). Moreover, it was revealed that a unit standard increase in direct tax would significantly lead to .916 increase in real GDP (ß=.916, p<0.05). In conclusion, the study failed to accept the null hypothesis and concluded that Direct Taxes have a significant relationship with the Real Gross Domestic Product of the Kenyan economy. The study recommended that government should ensure an effective and efficient way of collecting and utilizing direct taxes since they have a direct bearing on the growth of the economy.Item Antibacterial Potency of Allium sativum, Psidium guajava, Zingiber officinale Roots against the Food Poisoning Strains (Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus)(Tanzania Journal of Science, 2022-12-16) Mauti, Godfrey O.Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus are notorious food poisoning bacteria of great effect on human health. This study determined the phytochemical constituents of ethanolic, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) filtrates of Allium sativum (garlic), Psidium guajava (guava), Zingiber officinale (ginger) and their antibacterial activities on E. coli 0157:H7 and S. aureus. In a laboratory-based controlled experiment, the antibacterial and inhibitory activities of the VLC filtrates in doses of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08g/mL were investigated on E. coli 0157:H7 and S. aureus using the agar well diffusion method and compared with a standard antibiotic. The indices of the zone of inhibition on the agar plates were subjected to analysis of variance (p = 0.01). Phytochemical analysis revealed a high concentration of glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and the absence of flavonoids in A. sativum. P. guajava root contained a high concentration of glycosides, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. Z. officinale possessed a high concentration of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. Statistically, 0.02 g/mL of Z. officinale (12.0 mm) showed a significant result to 0.04g/mL of A. sativum (14mm) at p = 0.0049 and a higher inhibition index to 0.08g/mL of P. guajava. Inhibition by 0.02g/mL of P. guajava (8.8mm) was advanced than 0.04g/mL of A. sativum (6.3 mm) on S. aureus. Recommendable inhibition of 29.3 mm and 24.0 mm on E. coli 0157:H7 and S. aureus, respectively, were expressed by 0.08 g/mL Z. officinale, which was significant to the standard 0.04 g/mL of Neomycin (Positive control) at p = 0.0067. This study indicated a reliable antibacterial activity by Z. officinale than A. sativum and P. guajava, which might have been due to the high concentration of alkaloids and flavonoids. Nevertheless, A. sativum, P. guajava, and Z. officinale are normally used as fruit and food additives in the human diet, thus can be combined to prevent food poisoning by E. coli 0157:H7 and S. aureus and their exotoxins.Item Application of Asymmetric-GARCH Type Models to The Kenyan Exchange Rates(EJ-MATH, European Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 2023-08-31) Wagala , Adolphus; et.al.Modelling and forecasting the volatility of a financial time series has become essential in many economic and financial applications like portfolio optimization and risk management. The symmetric-GARCH type models can capture volatility and leptokurtosis. However, the models fail to capture leverage effects, volatility clustering, and the thick tail property of high-frequency financial time series. The main objective of this study was to apply the asymmetric-GARCH type models to Kenyan exchange to overcome the shortcomings of symmetric-GARCH type models. The study compared the asymmetric Conditional Heteroskedasticity class of models: EGARCH, TGARCH, APARCH, GJR-GARCH, and IGARCH. Secondary data on the exchange rate from January 1993 to June 2021 were obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya website. The best fit model is determined based on parsimony of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Log Likelihood criterion, and minimisation of prediction production errors (Mean error [ME] and Root Mean Absolute error [RMAE]). The optimal variance equation for the exchange rates data was APARCH (1,1) - ARMA (3,0) model with a skewed normal distribution (AIC = -4.6871, BIC = -4.5860). Volatility clustering was present in exchange rate data with evidence of the leverage effect. Estimated Kenya’s exchange rate volatility narrows over time, indicating sustained exchange rate stabilityItem Application of the Marketing Concept and Performance of Supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya(Greener Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2013-09-30) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.alThis paper sought to examine the relationship between the application marketing concept and performance of retail supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey design to explore the above relationship. Stratified simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 162 employees out of a population of 410 employees. A self administered structure and semi structure Questionnaires were used to obtain primary data from the field. The Regression results showed that 39.8% or (R2 =0.398, p<0.05) of variation in retail supermarkets’ financial performance was explained by the application of the Marketing Concept and 52.5% (R2 =0.525, p<0.05) of non-financial performance.The study provided an exposition of the Marketing Concept application by supermarkets by concluding that it exerted a significant influence on both non-financial performance and financial performance measures. To the academia, the output will contribute to enriching the knowledge base particularly in the field of Marketing Concepts and its performance consequences in the context of emerging and developing economies.Item Assessment of Ni Toxicity to Fungi and Bacteria in Oil Tainted Soils in Greater Port Harcourt Area, Nigeria(J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2021-07-01) Wanjala M. P, et al.Intensified urbanization and industrialization are rapidly triggering the release of pollutants to the environment. This study determined the extent of soil contamination with Nickel (Ni) in oil mining areas and its effect on the levels of Ni tolerance by fungi and bacteria. The total CFUs/g of soil were enumerated after a culture period of 7 days at 28°C and LC50 was determined using probit and regression analysis. The mean values of Ni were 1.38±0.23 in industrial area, 1.41±0.36 ppm in agricultural area and 1.02±0.64 in urban area. The mean values of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) were 4,405.46 ppm in industrial area, 55.65 ppm in agricultural area and 1,304.53 ppm in urban area. Nickel’s peak concentration indicating growth of both fungi and bacteria at 150 ppm. There was significant difference (p ≤ 0.000) in the mean levels of LC50 for fungi among the study sites. There was no significant correlation between the concentration of TPH in soil and LC50 of fungi (r = -0.169) and bacteria (r = 0.042). In conclusion, TPH influenced the levels of fungi and bacteria tolerance to Ni in soils. Moreover, it was observed that LC50 can be a reliable method for monitoring chemically resistant microorganisms directly in the environment to improve the use of microorganisms for the bioremediation of oil contaminated soils and in monitoring of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in natural ecosystemsItem Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses(Science Publishing Group, 2021-06-30) Wanjala , Paul MuyomaChemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.Item Characterization of culturable microbial community in oil contaminated soils in Greater Port Harcourt Area, Nigeria(Academic Journals, 2020-09-17) Wanjala , Muyoma PaulThe study investigated microbial population dynamics in soils of Greater Port Harcourt Area, Nigeria. The study involved the quantification of petroleum pollutants and the enumeration and characterization of culturable fungi and bacteria. Gas Chromatograph FID method was used to quantify total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil while morphological and biochemical tests were used to characterize the microorganisms. The highest TPH was 9,759.37±883.36 ppm which exceeded the Department of Petroleum Resources’ (DPRs’) intervention value of 5,000 ppm. The percentage of hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (% HUF) ranged between 1.93±0.57 and 66.55±5.60 which were observed in sites A1 (Aluu) and CA (Agricultural control), respectively. The percentage of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (% HUB) ranged between 0.12±0.01 and 7.89±1.25 which was observed in sites A3 (Emuoha) and CU (Urban control), respectively. The most prevalent bacterial species includes Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus lylae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Alcaligen faecalis. The most prevalent HUB isolate was Bacillus subtilis. The most prevalent fungal isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida torulopsis. A. niger was the most prevalent among the HUF isolates which was identified in 12 sites. It was concluded that the study sites harboured TPH degrading microorganisms that are appropriate for bioremediation of TPH polluted sites.Item The Church as an Agent of Behavioural Change:(International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 2022-06-30) Korir, Simion Kiprotich; Ayanga, Hazel; et.al.The church is tasked with the responsibility of being a transformative agent. Societal transformation is an integral part of the church’s mission that is complementary to the focal mission which is relay the Good News of Jesus Christ, invite populations to repentance and cultivates faith alongside baptizing them. Minimal studies exist that suggest practical mechanisms that the church can use to discourage Christian youth from engagement in unproductive political activities. This paper explores ways in which the church can affect behavioral change among young people in an effort to guide the young people who decide to engage in political activities. The main objective was to establish on how the church can become an agent of behavioral change. It is evident that some young people are bribed to engage in negative behaviour in times of political electioneering. They accept the money because they are unemployed and generally live below the poverty line. The article explores what the church can do to change this trend. The study established that some Christian youth who engage in political activities do so because of dire conditions that threaten their survival. Additionally, the church has a significant role to play as an agent of behavioural change and subsequently guide the youth to engage in productive politics. The study recommends that youth should be guided through structured workshops, trainings, and mentorship programs to help them make the right decision on whether or not to engage in unproductive political activities.Item CLIMATE IMPACTS ON EXTREME WEATHER :(Elsevier, 2022-12-31) Recha, Charles W. et.alItem Competing and Conflicting Power Dynamics in Waqfs in Kenya, 1900-2010(Bayreuth African Studies Online, 2018-01-01) Chembea, Suleiman A.Item Contribution of Foreign Direct Investment on the Growth of Agro-Processing Sector :(European Journal of Business and Management, 2015-12-31) Ojera, Patrick B.; et.alWorld Investment Report’s like United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) detail trends in global foreign direct investments in which Kenya is ranked below its neighbours and other emerging markets. This study evaluated the contribution of Foreign Direct Investment on the growth of Agro-Processing Sector. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent of use of FDI and its contribution on the growth of Agro processing sector. This study adopted a survey design. The study target population was 350 respondents. Sample size was 78 respondents selected using simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which was analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis and a 5 point Likert scale. Study results showed that Foreign Direct Investment in the Agro processing Sector influenced technology spill over, creation of employment opportunities and resource improvement; FDI accelerated to a greater extent growth in the sector; and a positive relationship existed between FDI and growth of the agro processing sector; correlation oefficients determined confirmed a positive association between FDI and growth of the sector where production volumes and profit are output variables that measure growth in the agro-processing sector.Item A Critical Analysis of Adoption of Information Technology in Fostering Supply Chain Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Devolved Governments in Kenya(European Journal of Business and Management, 2021-12-31) Mulongo, Sebastian; Aila, Fredrick Onyango; Obura, JohnmarkKenya being a developing nation is faced with unemployment challenges, unstructured entrepreneurial activities, and poor performance of devolved governments. These challenges have led to dwindling economic performance and growth. With the adoption of devolved system of governance, there has been a progressive demand for innovative and transformative leadership for entrepreneurial development and performance. To address the challenges of inefficiencies and ensure effective delivery of public services, the national government has incorporated Information Communication Technology in almost all its operations. ICT is a pillar in accessing government’s services by the citizens. Integrated Financial Management Information Systems (IFMIS), an ICT system, was conceived in 1998, but was rolled out in 2003for implementation in national government and 2013 in devolved governments. IFMIS was implemented to enhance efficiency of financial management and encourage adoption of modern public expenditure management practices. Since its inception, IFMIS has seen tremendous improvement in government service delivery. Besides the benefits of IFMIS, there have been challenges like inadequate personnel capacity, inappropriate implementation strategies, unclear government policies and inadequate ICT infrastructure. The objective of the study was there to conduct a Critical Analysis on Adoption of Information Technology in Fostering Supply Chain Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Devolved Governments in Kenya. Study was anchored on economic entrepreneur agency, resource-based view theory and adopted multiple case study design. Units of analysis comprised 14 Lake Region Economic Block (LREB) county governments. The study targeted 196 staff including procurement officers, chief officers and procurement committee members. Primary data were used. Pilot results (n=2) revealed 20 item instrument reliability (α=0.9563). Study finding (n=181 (92.3%) results in two retained attitudes (positive and negative) comprising 7 items with a good fit (p<.005). Bivariate ordered probit regression analysis revealed that IMFIS adoption are significantly associated with procurement performance (p<0.05) and supplier adoption of IFMIS are significant ( =2.12; p=0.001). This means that they significantly affect procurement performance. Study concluded that adoption of information technology has a positive and significant effect on supply chain innovation and entrepreneurship. Supply chain management aspect was found to be statistically significant at only good (p=0.036) and very good levels (p=0.033). The result also reveals for a unit increase in supply chain management aspects, would lead to (( =-0.42; p=0.032)) decrease in performance. Study recommends for supply chain innovation and entrepreneurship development the county governments of Kenya should fast track the information technology hubs development. Study may be important to national and counties in informing policy direction about information technology adoption and development towards improving procurement performance and service delivery.Item Current State of Sustainability Reporting:(EJBMR, European Journal of Business and Management Research, 2020-04-30) Ojera, Patrick B.; Odoyo, Collins O.Corporate sustainability reporting, also known as Triple-bottom-line reporting, involves reporting nonfinancial and financial information to a broader set of stakeholders than just shareholders and seek to fortify an organization’s ability to manage key risks. The current case is that, the quality, rigor, and utility of sustainability reporting remains contentious with concerns about the suitability of the criteria or standards used to prepare the reports. Despite the rapid increase in the number of companies around the world adopting Global Reporting Initiative standards, little is known about the extent of practice of corporate sustainability reporting in public universities in Kenya. The study selected five universities that had their 2017-18 audited financial reports available online for the readers, which served as the main source of secondary data. The guidelines on corporate sustainability reporting was derived from literature review, which provided key indicators upon which the data from each university was evaluated. It was observed that almost all the institutions recognize the critical role of both internal and external independent audit of financial statements. In conclusion, financial reporting sustainability is guided by strict compliance to the factors of sustainability.Item Design Thinking and Innovation in the Informal Industries in Kenya(Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 2023-05-30) Oringo, James OdhiamboIn the recent past there have been calls to have Kenyan products labeled ‘Made in Kenya’. By doing so, the proponents believe that products ‘Made in Kenya’ will flock the local stores and even find their way to the foreign markets, thereby making Kenya proud of itself as well as earning the much needed foreign exchange. While ‘Made in Kenya’ labeled products would be a great step forward to Kenya’s economic wellbeing, showcase talents and skills of the youth and a boost to its image in the global market, the low technology predominantly used in Kenya and lack of design thinking, still remain the greatest impediment to innovation. Using low technology in manufacturing usually results in high production costs and lack of capacity to launch mass production in response to acute increase in market demands. For example, the informal manufacturing sector in Kenya commonly referred to as Jua Kali, is a collection of semi-organized, unregulated, smaller ventures that employ a large number of people and rely on low-level technologies. A significant amount of industrial output is devoted to meeting basic requirements, such as the provision of low-cost consumer goods and services. Wood and furniture, metal products, glass and pottery, clothes, and leather are all produced in this industry. The lack of design thinking and low-level technology used in the production process obviously results in more man-hour on each unit produced, yet this is rarely considered on the final price of the product. The prices to a large scale, are usually concerned with the cost of materials without considering other hidden costs. The drive is to make the products affordable to low-income consumers, in order to satisfy the traders’ basic needs. In a wider perspective, this study focused on the application of design thinking and its impact on innovations in the informal industries in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to establish; the application of design thinking as a system of feasibility to increase innovation in the informal industries in Kenya, the application of design thinking as a system of desirability to increase innovation in the informal industries in Kenya and its impact on the innovation in the informal industries in Kenya, as well as the application of design thinking as a system of viability to increase innovation in the informal industries in Kenya. This study reviewed secondary sources and investigations others have previously conducted in relation to the title of the study. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze data. The process of analysis began with the development of the research questions, then the identification of the dataset, and thorough evaluation of the dataset. Our findings deepen the current understanding about policy innovation and technological intervention in the informal industries in Kenya. The findings could also benefit the Government of Kenya, Kenya Association of Manufacturers and Juakali Associations, in terms of policy formulation and enhancement of sector performance.Item DETERMINANTS OF CORPORATE CASH HOLDINGS: EVIDENCE FROM PRIVATE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA(International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2015-06) Orwa, George O.; Kariuki, Samuel Nduati; Namusonge, Gregory S.Cash is an important requirement to ensure continued operations, yet excessive cash holdings might result in many problems which include; higher opportunity costs of holding cash, cash abuse, a tool for obtaining the controlled self-interests and the higher agency costs. The study established thatthere is a negative and insignificant linear relationship between growth opportunities and corporate cash holdings. The study also revealed that leverage is a significant positive determinant of corporate cash holdings in line with the precautionary motive. In regard to firm size, the study findings indicate that firm size positively determines corporate cash holding. Further, the study revealed that there is a negative linear relationship between likelihood of financial distress and cash holdings.The findings also confirmed a positive relationship between cash flow variability and corporate cash holdings.The study therefore concludes that; leverage, firm size, likelihood of financial distress and cash flow variability determine corporate cash holdings among private manufacturing firms in KenyaItem Diarrhea Disease among Children under 5 Years of Age: A Global Systematic Review(Open Journal of Epidemiology, 2021-06-28) Recha, Charles W.; Manetu, Winfred MbinyaDiarrhea diseases remain the second leading cause of death among children under five years globally. Nearly one in every five child deaths, about 1.6 mil lion each year, are due to diarrhea. Further, diarrhea kills more young child ren than malaria, measles and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) combined. As a result, better understanding of childhood diarrhea occurrence can perhaps help reduce associated morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, this study conducted a global systematic review on occurrence of childhood diarrhea. The broad objective of this study was to review present and past researches on childhood diarrhea and most importantly for children under 5 years of age. The review focused on understanding the burden of di arrhea, causes of childhood diarrhea and solutions to the disease. A systemat ic literature review was conducted using the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Search key terms used were childhood diarrhea, risk factors and intervention practices. Journal articles and related reports were filtered and limited from 2005 to 2020. Sixty-one reports and ar ticles that met inclusion criteria were used in this review. Review found that, childhood diarrhea imposes economic costs on the health system and fami lies. Also, repeated bouts of diarrhea can lead to malnutrition, stunting and delayed brain growth later in life and can lead to stress and tension to the af fected households. The dependence on open water sources which are often contaminated with fecal materials was found as the major cause of the rising prevalence of childhood diarrhea. Other important factors were poor hygienic practices and lack of sanitation facilities contribute to the spread of diarrhea diseases. Improvements in the quality of drinking water, sanitation facilities and hygiene practices especially in low and middle income countries have been suggested by many studies as an intervention to reduce childhood di arrhea.Item DIES DIALOGUE EVENT REPORT(2021-09-21) BOMET UNIVERSITY COLLEGE; Dr . Obura, Johnmark; Dr . Wafula, Fredrick; Ms . Ayoma, DinahCoronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic has exposed, universities and related institutions of higher learning to how prepared or unprepared they are in handling their core mandate, which includes access to quality teaching, training, research, outreach, entrepreneurial skills, innovations, and integrating technology and digital transformations in their operations. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone and all institutions including universities/higher learning on a global scale. The East Africa region has not been spared. It is against this background that a strategy was proposed to engage East Africa Higher Education Stakeholders to share the experiences, challenges and responses by the regulatory bodies and universities and eventually deliberate on best practices going forward, and also formulate some mitigation measures and plans to ensure readiness for similar pandemic in the future. Outcome: This Dialogue event for East Africa Higher Education Stakeholders provided a platform for dialogue on impact and implication of COVID-19 on quality of training, learning, research, and community service and came up with implementable strategies for the present and future of university/higher education in the East Africa region continued learning training and research during and post-COVID-19 era. Target Group: Representatives for East Africa Commission/Regulatory Bodies; University: Vice Chancellors and Principals, Deputy Vice Chancellors and Deputy Principals in-charge of Academic and Quality Assurance Directors/Coordinators/Officers from East Africa and Representatives for Inter-University Council of East Africa (IUCEA).Item Discipline Strategies: Influence on Gender and Academic Level of Students: A Case of Rachuonyo North Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya(European Journal of Educational Sciences, EJES, 2017-09-01) Momanyi, John M.; Awuor, Winnie Odhiambo Esther KiarithaThis paper purposed to establish if there was a significant influence of discipline strategies on student academic performance based on the gender and academic level of students in Homabay County, Kenya. Over the years, students in Rachuonyo North Sub County have continued to perform poorly in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E). The objective of this study is to determine the influence of discipline strategies on academic performance by gender and academic level. The research design used was causal comparative. The researcher used simple random sampling to select 23 schools. Purposive sampling was used to identify students at different academic levels who had received any of the three discipline strategies that is suspension, manual labour, and sending students home to call their parent. The quantitative data was analyzed using paired sample t-test and repeated measures ANOVA at .05 level of significance. The study findings indicated that girls performed poorly after discipline strategies had been used on them. However, there was no significant difference in the academic performance of boys after the discipline strategies. It emerged that these discipline strategies influenced students’ academic performance differently depending on the academic level of the student with the form two and four students registering a decline and the form three students showing a slight improvement. The study recommends discipline strategies other than the three used in the study for girls. Further research is required to determine the influence of these discipline strategies in other counties.