School of Arts and Social Sciences
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item The Relationship between Inter-Organizational Relations and Leadership Performance in the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of South Sudan(Open Journal of Political Science, 2023-06-12) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The objective of this study was to examine the influence of political-adminis trative interface on leadership performance in the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of South Sudan. The study was guided by Leader Member Ex change Theory. The study adopted quantitative descriptive research design targeting 1973 employees working in the Ministry of Petroleum. The re searcher adopted Yamane sampling formula to arrive at 333 employees as the sample size. The main data source was primary data collected using ques tionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics techniques were used to ana lyse quantitative data which include frequencies, percentages and mean. Re gression analysis technique was used to analyse the inferential statistics and to test the set hypotheses. The findings were presented in the form of tables and figures. The study established significant influence of inter-organizational relations on leadership performance in the Ministry of Petroleum and as sessed intervention strategies that could be adopted to improve public lea dership effectiveness in the Ministry of Petroleum. The study further con cluded that the poor leadership performance in the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of South Sudan was due to inter-organizational relations caused by ineffective organizational structures. The study recommends that the Ministry of Petroleum should enhance the institutional structures for improved leadership performance there should be checks and balances in the operation of the ministry to achieve the desired accountability. Such checks and balances will go a long achieving operation efficiency and optimum resource utilizationItem The Origins and Evolution of Anglo-Kenyan Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963(Open Access Library Journal, 2021-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Military professionalism has three characteristic: expertise, social responsibil ity and corporateness. Africa as a continent has faced numerous coup d’état because of lack of military professionalism, ethnic and tribal biases in re cruitment and promotion. Politicization of the military and militarization of politics and legacy of colonialism was perfected by Africans who became mil itary head as their countries got their independence. While the independence period has witnessed cordial diplomatic, trade and economic relations be tween the two countries, the ideal military professionalism is a key factor in interstate diplomatic relations. Anglo-Kenyan military diplomatic relations have been beset with challenges embedded in military professionalism on both sides. These include challenges in professional training, academic train ing and character development in terms of military Diplomatic relations. It was, therefore, imperative that this study sought to trace the origin and evo lution of Anglo-Kenyan military diplomatic relations since 1963 when Kenya got her independence. The study was informed by realist theory. The study adopted mixed approach which included: historical research design was used while the sample size was 384. The study used simple random sampling me thod and purposive sampling to distribute 196 KDF and BATUK soldiers across Archer’s Post training area and 188 key stakeholders, key informants and knowledgeable locals (indigenous) and residents in the training area. The instruments used for collecting data from the field were: observation, ques tionnaires, In-depth interview guide, Archival documents and secondary da ta. Data were analyzed with the aid of statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 27. The finding is presented in prose. The findings were: Kenya soveignity is compromised by the permanent BATUK bases in the country. Eavesdropping by BATUK a foreign troop poses a threat to Kenya’s national security. British had three major interests in Kenya which were: to ensure that Kenya remained socially, economically and politically friendly to Britain, the retention of “forward basing”.Item The Impact Of Security Measures On Enhancing Customer Satisfaction With Service In Juja Mall, Kiambu County, Kenya(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2023-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of security measures on enhancing customer satisfaction with service in Juja Mall, Kiambu County, Kenya. The assumption of the study is that global security concerns have prompted the need for heightened security measures in public spaces, including shopping malls, due to the prevalence of terrorism, organized crime, cyber threats, and other security issues. Customer safety is paramount when engaging in activities such as shopping, making effective security measures crucial for enhancing customer satisfaction. Kenyan shopping malls have implemented various security measures in response to escalating security threats, including terrorism. The research focused on three key groups of participants and the total number was 2120. The objectives are to assess the impact of security personnel presence on customer satisfaction with the security services at Juja Mall to analyse impact of technological security measures (e.g., surveillance cameras, access control systems) on customer satisfaction with the security services at Juja Mall. To Examine the impact of physical security infrastructure (e.g., lighting, fencing, emergency exits) on customer satisfaction with the security services at Juja Mall. The sample size of 385 participants was distributed across the different target groups as determined by the calculations, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the study objectives. Findings from the study at Juja Mall indicate nuanced customer perceptions regarding the impact of security personnel presence. While many customers appreciate the adequate number of security personnel and their strategic placement near high-risk areas or entrances, some respondents remain neutral or express dissatisfaction. Concerns also emerged regarding the visibility and effectiveness of security personnel during peak hours, suggesting the need for improved strategies and communication. Customers displayed mixed opinions in regard to security measures, such as use of surveillance camera. Some believed they enhance security, while others were unconvinced. Concerns also arose about camera coverage, access control systems, and emergency alarm systems, indicating room for improvement. Customer perceptions of physical security infrastructure at Juja Mall varied. Lighting levels were generally satisfactory but could be better aligned with customer expectations. Fencing and barrier effectiveness varied among customers, emphasizing the need for evaluation. Emergency exit accessibility and vehicle security measures also drew mixed feedback, highlighting areas for improvement. The study used a mixed method. In conclusion, customers hold diverse perceptions about security measures in shopping malls. To enhance customer satisfaction, malls should improve security personnel visibility, communication about technological security measures, lighting to meet customer expectations, and effectiveness of physical security infrastructure.Item The Aftermath of Disarmament on Community Security in Warrap State, South Sudan: The Case of Gogrial East Count(African Journal of Empirical Research https://ajernet.net, 2024-04-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.South Sudan has been in the limelight for security-related issues stretching beyond the independence and autonomy of the country. The insecurity saw many people armed with weapons in pursuit of protecting themselves from the constant insecurity. Traditionally, security issues were confined to the realm of states; however, a new emerging paradigm of security has given the community a say on these issues by putting the individual at the center of the debate. The fundamental indicators of community security in Gogrial East in the aftermath of disarmament are the safety of the local people in their communities, the protection of their animals while grazing in fields and at watering points, their security at home, their protection against raid attacks from armed clans, and human killings involving firearms. The purpose of the study was to establish the aftermath of civilian disarmament in Warrap State, South Sudan. This study was guided by the Post-Modernist Approach and Neo-Realist Approach theories. The study utilized a qualitative research design. The target population was 146,276. The village elders in the area of study, youth who serve as warriors in the cattle camps, and members of the Peace Committees in the homesteads formed the sample size. Additionally, representatives of law enforcement officers (LEOs) from the Sudan People's Defense Force, South Sudan National Police Services, and the Community Police. Lastly, the study incorporated key informants (KI) such as politicians, CSOs, and community elders. The study adopted purposive sampling, stratified sampling, and random sampling with the strata of interest; a sample size of 110 using Mugenda and Mugenda and Borg and Gall formulas was used. Primary and secondary data collection were used. Questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions were the data collection instruments. The study adopted multiple sources of data, ranging from primary to secondary. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. The qualitative data captured was analyzed using a narrative approach. The study found that the government of South Sudan and the military comprehend their role to protect the state, but more importantly, the people of South Sudan as stipulated in the constitution, especially those affected by the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. On a positive note, the level of state security after the disarmament of 2018, especially the security of the local people in their communities and the safety of their animals while grazing in fields and at watering points, there is security at their homes (cattle camps), and their protection against raid attacks from armed clans and human killings involving firearms in Gogrial East County is significantly safer currently. As the SSPDF continues to refine the disarmament program and operations in Gogrial East, the need for increased focus on community security has also increased. The study recommends that state and civil society organizations should look for ways to supplement community safety initiatives by funding educational and employment-generating initiatives so that children, youth, the unemployed, and other marginalized groups have more opportunities to secure gainful employment. This process will address some of the root causes of personal, community, and national insecurity. Mental disarmament of communities rather than physical disarmament is preferred. If the communities are mentally disarmed to fully understand the danger of illegal firearms and get assurance of their protection by the government, they will voluntarily surrender their arms.Item Role of Chinese Economic Diplomacy in Fostering Infrastructural Development in Kenya Since 1963(African Journal of Empirical Research https://ajernet.net, 2023-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.This study investigated the role of Chinese economic diplomacy in fostering infrastructural development in Kenya since 1963. The focus was on how this partnership manifests itself in infrastructure development. This study was anchored on power theory, modernization, and dependency theories, which were triangulated to inform the conceptual framework of the study. This study adopted historical, cross-cultural, and survey research designs. Questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions were the data collection instruments. The study adopted multiple sources of data, ranging from primary to secondary. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. The study found that the most popular principle in China-Kenya relations was that of mutual benefit. This study further revealed that Kenya is still largely reliant on its traditional donors for funding and that its relations with China have even strengthened its ties with Western countries. The findings further revealed that Chinese investment in Kenya's development of infrastructure was significantly beneficial to Kenya's informal sector because the lower cadre of employees, who are the majority, are acquiring skills that make them start their own businesses. Kenya should further strengthen its ties with China. Kenyan traders should take advantage of the recent lowering of export tariffs by China to encourage Kenyans to export more products to China. The Kenyan government, through its relevant agencies, should also put in place regulatory measures to ensure that Chinese imports are of standard quality. China should offer more aid to Kenya to mitigate the deficit, or in certain cases, curtail Chinese exports to reduce the imbalance.Item Religion and Crime: Exploring the Link towards Crime Prevention in Bungoma County, Kenya(International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research (IJMCER), 2022-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Over the last five decades there has been growing interest in the nature of the relationship between religion and crime. In general, researchers have sought to determine if being more or less religious has anything to do with why people do or do notcommit crime. Scholars from diverse disciplines, including criminologists and theologians interested in this line of inquiry have sought to provide empirical insights to this important question, however, the link between religion and crimes is debatable. Link between religion and crime remains an unsettled and controversial topic, because of different religious and cultural beliefs that exist globally and in the study area the gap is wide. The research objectives sought toestablishwhether the link between religion and crimes existand usefulness of religion in crime prevention.One theory informed this study namelySocial Control Theory.The study adopted a descriptive survey research design asappropriate because the research problem under investigation was descriptive in nature, appropriate for collecting, analyzing, and presenting the data. A sample size of125 was derived from a target population of 1250 key respondents in Bungoma county where mixed research was applied. The research tools included In-depth Interviews, desk review, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussion. Earlier findings indicatedreligion as crucial for maintaining social order and fostering a set of common values and beliefs in the society as a way of preventing crime. The study revealed an inverse link between religiosity and crime which suggests that religion is usefulin suppressing criminality behavior.Where education sector especially schools sponsored by religious organizations,and presents of traditional churches, the vicinityrecorded less crime in the neighbourhood. The study recommendsthe need for criminologist to factor in religion as one method to prevent crimes in the community.Item Psychological First Aid Practices Applied By Humanitarian Responders during Disasters in Kakamega County, Kenya(International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9(09), 2022-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The need for Psychological first aid (PFA) is very significant during a disaster impact or any other traumatic event. Globally it was used in the United States of America following September 11th 2001 bombing, regionally in Liberia during Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015 and locally in Kenya during Westgate mall terror attack in September 24th 2013. The study objective was to examine PFA practices applied by humanitarian responders during disasters because of a literature gap in PFA effectiveness. There is additional academic literature as existing research only explains PFA elements and its delivery process, however, there lacks evidence on effectiveness but this study has filled that gap. In terms of policy front, there existed a gap in Kakamega County disaster policy as it partially addresses PFA during disaster recovery. A conceptual framework consisting of self-efficacy theory, coping theory, disaster cross cultural counseling model and Community-based mental health and psychosocial support model was used to analyze PFA effectiveness. A descriptive research design was used, descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained by using SPSS software version 28 and excel spreadsheets respectively for data analysis. The study findings revealed that the most applied element is social connectedness at 92.2% and the least is hope at 56.2%. The study concludes that all PFA elements are not incorporated well enough therefore a detailed approach is required. The study recommends Kakamega County to maintain an effective system linking County Disaster committee, humanitarian organizations and local responders for improved disaster response and recovery.Item Nature of Human Trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’ a South Sub-County, Kenya(Open Access Library Journal, 2022-09-19) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Human trafficking is identified as one of the most widespread organized crimes against humanity across the globe. The vice has huge implications for human rights and human dignity in the civilized world. While large scores of profits and influence for criminal organizations fuel human trafficking, it is also coupled with human suffering, deaths, exploitation, slavery and loss of human dignity for its victims. Therein, this study sorts to explore the nature of human trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’a South sub-county. The paper was informed by foreign policy analysis theories that included the Ac tor specific theory, decision making theory, comparative foreign policy theory and of transnational organized crime theory. Exploratory research design was employed to establish the prevalence levels of human trafficking and the fac tors influencing human trafficking in Murang’a South Sub-County. Purposive sampling and snowballing sampling techniques were used to gather sample population. Primary data was collected through surveys, interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data through foreign and public policy document analysis. The researcher used Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) for data analysis. Consequently, Data was presented using tables, charts, bar charts and graphs to underscore various relationships between the inde pendent and dependent variables. The findings of the research indicated that human trafficking is an ongoing contemporary social problem rooted in in tergenerational occupational injustices and factors such as poverty, level of education, ignorance and criminal activities. These factors of predisposition are further compounded by insufficient government regulation and enforce ment failures that occur on various paths of public service delivery. The study noted that the increase in bilateral trade ties between Kenya and Saudi Arabia and the promise of employment lured many victims to traps of human traf fickers. The study recommends that Kenya should create awareness and cation campaign on susceptibility to human trafficking through enforcement and implementation of anti-trafficking strategies.Item The Nature and Extent of Human-Wildlife Conflict Effect on Socio- Economic Development and Educational Development in Baringo North Sub County, Kenya(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2022-10-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Kenya Wildlife Service has invested heavily in implementation of strategies as a concerted effort by the government to curb Human Wildlife Conflict in Kenya. Despite this effort, cases of Human Wildlife Conflicts are still being reported. Various existing policies seem not to offer solutions to the prevailing Human Wildlife Conflict. It’s on this foundation that the study sort to examine the nature and extent of human wildlife conflicts in Baringo North Sub-County, Kenya. This study was guided by Stern Theory of Value Belief Norm; Kenneth’s and Kilmann’s Conflict Styles theory and Dollard’s Frustration Aggression Displacement theory. A descriptive survey research design was used. The study population was; Government field officers, Civil society leaders, KWS official, Opinion leaders, Teachers, Community based organizations, Leaders of Farmers Corporations, Village elders and victims of human wildlife conflicts, totaling to 329 respondents. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation checklist and Focus Group Discussions. Descriptive analysis using quantitative and qualitative techniques were used in the study. While quantitative data was presented in form of frequencies and percentage, in tables, charts and graphs, qualitative data was presented thematically through narratives reports and verbatim quotations. Findings indicated that there was risk of the children meeting wild animals as they cross paths with wild animals as they go to school or attend their daily chores, hence they face imminent injuries and death. Most wildlife attack people during the day as they work in their farms. Snakes and elephants were the most reported as wild animals that attack the people. Shared water and food resources were indicated as the main cause of the HWC. Poverty and overpopulation were identified as the main drivers of HWC and that wildlife habitats are disappearing at an alarming rate. The study recommends that government should resolve HWC by generating, lasting solutions. Such solutions include fencing off the reserve to keep off roaming wildlife and those injured together with the crops destroyed should be adequately compensated.Item Nature and Extent of Energy Sector Management System with Regard to Electrical Fire Disaster in Kisumu County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022-08-16) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Quality Management has become essential in many organizations with aim of capitalizing on the sources for improvement through quality goal setting and measurement. Deficiency in exploring quality management systems in utility power transmission and distribution systems, are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to electrical fire disasters in Kisumu County. The perfect Quality Management System is not adhered to in energy sector, power lines design, electric equipment, and systems planning doesn’t meet specific prescribed quality standards. The paper therefore examines the nature and extent of energy sectors quality management systems with regard to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. The study adopted Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Purposive, census and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select a sample size from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Findings indicated that lack of electrical fire disaster planning, design of power equipment and power line design were factors contributing to electrical fire disasters. Poor quality power equipment were factors hindering quality service provision. The paper recommends that Kenya energy organizations should foster coordination for quality service delivered. Energy sector to create awareness of departmental procedures on how quality management should be implemented to its customers, ensure electrical fire disaster planning and adapt effective power line designs to prevent electric disasters.Item KENYA-UGANDA TRANSBOUNDARY DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS WITH REGARD TO PROMOTION OF BILATERAL ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT(Journal of Defense Resources Management, 2023-11-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Transboundary disputes over Lake Victoria between Kenya and Uganda concern resources in the marine zone. This transboundary confl ict has had a negative impact on managing economic security since it has not been adequately addressed in resolutions. This study evaluates the strategies for resolving transboundary disputes between Kenya and Uganda in light of strengthening bilateral economic security management. The study was infl uenced by the structural-functionalist philosophy, social confl ict, and John Burton’s theory of confl ict resolution. The research design used in the study was descriptive. The samples were chosen using simple random sampling methods and purposive sampling techniques. Philosophically, the work provided a foundation for future research and helped us comprehend transboundary issues and how to manage them. Findings indicated that mediation and conciliation were the most used mechanism in resolving disputes in Lake Victoria. However, this approach has not reach zenith as far as managing dispute between Kenya and Uganda is concerned. The study recommends that, sensitization programs tailored towards eff ective dispute management be put into place and awareness programs disseminated along contested boundaries. In this regard, economic security management will be bolstered wellItem Security-Diplomacy Nexus: Nature of Bilateral Cooperation in Kenya - India Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963(2 African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-10-01) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Bilateral and multilateral agreements have been one of the mechanisms through which growth and development have taken place. The newly created independent states of the Cold War period presented a major paradigm shift in international cooperation to include military diplomacy. Kenya and India being among these newly created states have had their cooperation where by the two countries have used their good diplomatic relations to bolster one another's military capabilities. The current study sought to put into perspective the conduct of bilateral relations between Kenya and India. The objective of this study was to examine the nature of bilateral cooperation in enhancing Kenya-India military-diplomatic relations since 1963. The study was anchored on power theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya with a specific focus on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Defence Ministry, and Indian High Commission. The target population was 2500. The sample size for the study was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula to calculate the sample size, which was 250 Qualitative data obtained from interviews were analysed using narrative reports using thematic techniques. Quantitative data from the questionnaires was edited, coded, and entered into a computer spreadsheet in a standard format to allow descriptive statistics analysis. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) edition 24 and Microsoft Office Excel 2013 were used for the quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed that the nature of Kenya-India military diplomatic relations manifested in various forms including through High-profile visits by Kenyan and Indian officials to both states as a way of strengthening bilateral relations. Technological transfer was another way through which these two nations shaped their diplomatic relationship, particularly in information and communication technology (ICT). Additionally, Defense trade and trade agreements, Security Partnerships, Counterterrorism activities, Maritime Safety, and Peacekeeping missions were common areas of cooperation between Kenya and India. The study concludes that bilateral cooperation between Kenya and India has been instrumental in enhancing their militarydiplomatic relations since 1963. The study recommends that, to better understand the nature of bilateral cooperation, Kenya and India should establish a permanent joint military commission to oversee and coordinate defense initiatives.Item Investigation Into Security Strategies on Crime Management by the United Nations Mission in Unity State, South Sudan(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-05-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.It is historical reality that thousands of people have been exposed to all forms of crimes in communities. Those affected by crime are men, women, children, youth, and some elders and this directly affect economic and social development in Countries. To obtain sustainable peace, it require an essential on the security strategy to formulate to prevent and prosecute the perpetrators thus reducing the number of crimes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the security strategies on crime management by the United Nations mission in Unity State, South Sudan. The study was guided by the social conflict theory explaining the context of the problem. The research methodology and resign was interpretive approach and descriptive survey research design respectively. The study used stratified sampling technique and selects a sample size of 255 respondents. The questionnaires were administered to all the respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistical methods which include measures of the central tendency mean, mode, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Both SPSS and excel will form the tools of analysis. The frequency tables, pie charts, and bar graphs were used to present the data. The study findings showed that community led, social development, economic dynamics and community dialogue strategies are essential elements in crime management. The government and authorities should develop policies that enhance unique and sustainable strategies to curb crime management provided by the studyItem Influence Of Public Trust in the Police on Crime Reporting Behavior in Kamukunji Subcounty, Nairobi County, Kenya(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-06-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Crime reporting behavior plays a pivotal role in effective law enforcement and crime prevention, yet global underreporting persists due to diverse cultural, social, and institutional factors. Within Kamukunji Sub-County, a substantial portion of crimes, about 40%, remains unreported annually, highlighting significant discrepancies in official crime data. This research aims to assess how perceived police responsiveness, confidence in police integrity, willingness to cooperate with police, and satisfaction with police services influence crime reporting behavior. Employing a mixed-method approach drawing from the Perceived Behavioral Control and Socio Ecological Model, the study utilizes quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather insights. The analysis reveals that residents' perceptions of police responsiveness significantly impact crime reporting behavior in Kamukunji Sub-County. Issues such as delayed police response, perceived ineffectiveness, and lack of preparedness among responding officers contribute to widespread dissatisfaction. Furthermore, deficiencies in follow-up actions and communication from law enforcement agencies exacerbate trust deficits and hinder formal crime reporting. Examining confidence in police integrity uncovers pervasive skepticism and distrust among residents, particularly concerning honesty, ethical conduct, and fairness in treatment. Dissatisfaction with the transparency and accountability of police operations further diminishes trust and cooperation with law enforcement, hindering efforts to promote crime reporting behaviors. Residents' willingness to engage with law enforcement and report crimes is influenced by trust deficits and gaps between expectations and perceived reality regarding police effectiveness and accountability. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address trust deficits, enhance community engagement, and promote cooperation with law enforcement agencies to ensure effective crime reporting and community safety in Kamukunji Sub-County.Item GEO-POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING KENYA AND TANZANIA FOREIGN POLICY BEHAVIOR SINCE 1967(Journal of Defense Resources Management, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The question regarding the extent to which foreign policy influences regionalism is subject to debate. This issue is still emotive, fluid, speculative and anchored on conjecture. The study assessed geopolitical factors influencing Kenya and Tanzania foreign policy behavior since 1967. The study was guided by Two Good theory, Neoclassical Realism and Neo-functionalism theories. Historical, cross cultural and descriptive research designs were used. The study area was Kenya and Tanzania and the population was citizens of the two states with the target population being cross border business community, government officials in Ministries of EAC and Foreign Affairs, and EAC organisms - the Secretariat and Legislative Assembly on which purposive sampling was used. A sample size of 384 respondents was created from the total population using the Gomm (2008) formula. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Instruments of data collection were : questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that geopolitical factors influencing Kenya’s and Tanzania’s foreign policies are to a large extent similar and that they have direct impact on the foreign policies of both states. That strategic location of both states as a geo-strategic factor affects both, though with significant differences. Kenya’s location astride the volatile Horn of Africa has complicated its security, thus influencing its foreign policy behavior. The study recommends that in view of the similarities in geopolitical factors that influence Kenya’s and Tanzania’s foreign policy behavior, the two states should cooperate and harmonise their foreign policies to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding and naked and open rivalry that can thrust the region into political and economic paralysis.Item Forms Of Human-Wildlife Conflict That Exists In Transmara West Sub County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-09-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The Wildlife human conflicts, which is seen as a result of the problem of resource utilization in conservation areas has affected the economic development of the Maa community living around the wildlife inhabited areas. It’s on this basis that the study sought to investigate on forms of human-wildlife conflict that exists in Transmara West and their effects on economic development of the Maa community. The target population of the study comprised of 450 respondents which was stratified into; members of the Maa community, the wild life wardens, chiefs and sub chiefs and officials of Transmara West Sub County. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviewed guides. The reliability of the collected data was ensured through the test-retest technique while the Pearson methods were used to obtain correlation coefficient of 0.7. The analyzed data was presented by use of descriptive statistics. Study findings indicated that most people have been victims of human wildlife conflict, crop destruction and injuries caused by wild animals is eminent. Deaths and predation of domesticated animals by dangerous wild animals was supported by 91% of response rate indicating that it was on a high rise. Therefore, the study recommends that Maa community and its subsidiary clans should be educated about the importance of resource management. Explore and encourage new and innovative mitigation measures based on current and emerging conflict issues and outreach to the Maa community surrounding the wildlife areas to help in diffusing conflict situations.Item Effectiveness of Multitrack Diplomacy Actors in Critical Assessment of Kenya’s Presidential Election Outcomes, 2007-2017(Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2021-08-23) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.In Kenya’s last four presidential elections, election observers had been seriously looked upon by both the Kenyan voters and the international community to provide alternative but credible information on the process and outcomes of presidential elections in Kenya. This was expected to promote legitimacy of the outcomes. Given that there was a dearth of specific scholarship to address the question, this study was conducted. This paper therefore examines the effectiveness of multitrack diplomacy in monitoring Kenya’s presidential election outcomes. The study was epistemological. It was conducted in 8 of the 17 constituencies of Nairobi City County which hosts the Kenya’s largest city and its capital with a natural representation of the population of the entire country. Out of the over 4 million residents of Nairobi City County, total sample size was 441 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 25 key informant interview respondents). The study reached 436 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 20 key informant interview respondents) out of 4 million people. Targeted were Kenya citizens who had voted at least once for a presidential candidate in any of the presidential elections held between 2007 and 2017 for the survey; individuals working with and for government institutions in Kenya’s electoral systems especially the election management body, ministry of foreign affairs, members of parliament, the Chief Justice, pollsters, the media, non-governmental organizations, religious institutions across all faiths as to Muslims, Christians and Hindu, major political parties, former election observers and diplomatic missions. The study found that multitrack diplomacy (MTD) actors or election observer missions (EOMs) observed election irregularities to above 50%. They detected electoral fraud in the 2007 presidential elections, identified election irregularities in the 2013 and the 2017 presidential elections but could not deter nor prevent outcome fraud. The paper, based on the study, concluded that multitrack diplomacy actors that monitored the presidential elections were fairly effective, they had reasonable capacity, fairly above 50%. Overall, multitrack diplomacy is effective in monitoring of Kenya’s presidential election but inefficacious in preventing and deterring election outcome fraud. Multitrack diplomacy actors-the election observation missions (EOMs) to use enhanced technology to match the electoral systems technology, improve on their objectivity during monitoring and be granted full accesses by governments and election management bodies (EMBs) for systematic, comprehensive and accurate monitoring.Item Disaster Response Operations Incident Command Systems in Mombasa County, Kenya(Open Access Library Journal, 2023-06-06) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.alMost of the previous disaster response by first responders shows the insigni ficant existence of a management structure that syntheses complex disaster scenarios and response under exceptional circumstances as a unitary system. Cases of Delay in response to emergencies resulting in death and uncoordi nated response are prevalent among response organizations due to minimal use of Incident Command System. Globally, the U.S. response organization’s ability to provide effective and coordinated responses to complex incidents came under intense scrutiny in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the dissemination of anthrax in 2001. Regionally, the response to the Ebola virus outbreak in Sierra Leone overwhelmed the national capacity to contain it necessitating a massive international response. The inapplicability of the Incident Command System contributed to the duplication of efforts between the coordination groups, and slow resource mobilization. At a national level, the 2002 Mombasa attack was a two-pronged terrorist attack on 28 November 2002 in Mombasa, Kenya against an Israeli-owned hotel and a plane belong ing to Arkia Airlines. An all-terrain vehicle crashed through a barrier outside the Paradise Hotel and blew up, killing 13 and injuring 80. At the same time, attackers fired two surface-to-air missiles at an Israeli charter plane. The Pa radise Hotel was the only Israeli-owned hotel in Mombasa. The Paradise Ho tel terror attack in 2002 in Mombasa and the Westgate terror attack in 2013 in Nairobi showed operation decay. The Westgate terror attack siege lasted 80 hours and resulted in at least 67 deaths and more than 175 people wounded in the mass shooting. A fatal friendly fire incident between security forces undermined the response and left the attackers free to prolong their slaugh ter. This research, therefore, sought to examine the structure of Mombasa County Incident Command System of a few selected organizations influen cing disaster response operations. Contingency theory and goal theory guided the study. A descriptive research design was used. A stratified sampling tech nique was used to determine the sample category of 155 respondents from, the Red Cross Society, Kenya Police Service, Mombasa Fire Brigade, and National Youth Service. The instruments of data collection were structured questionnaires. SPSS version 27 was used to analyze data and then presented it on tables and graphs. Test validity refers to the degree to which the test ac tually measures what it claims to measure. Test validity is also the extent to which inferences, conclusions, and decisions made on the basis of test scores are appropriate and meaningful. Validity was determined using content va lidity while reliability using a retest process. Results indicated that differences in organizations’ Incident Command System affected effective response to disaster operations. Also, lack of cooperation by multiagency, waste and dup lication of resources, and difficulty in coordinating response activities were the challenges identified that an organization face while responding to large disasters in the absence of the Incident Command System. The study recom mends that response agencies should embrace fostering cooperation during joint operations to avoid waste of resources and duplication of roles and dif ficulty in coordinating response activities through the use of the Incident Command System.Item Determinants on How Training And Nature Influences Public Participation In Governance In Narok County, Kenya(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2021-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The global development is a major target of the World Bank through consideration of the diverse opinions. The millennium development goals fully support the global development. In various continents such as Europe, considering the opinions from the citizen in governance and in policy formulation is important. In Africa, different bodies are campaigning for inclusion and considerations of the citizen opinions from different perspectives without any form of discriminations as far as governance processes are concerned. The promulgation of the Kenyan constitution (2010) opened room for citizen participation by supporting participatory governance as a principle which binds government stakeholders; unfortunately there is improper public involvement in policy process in some Counties. Over the years, Kenya has little by little shifted from centralized to a decentralized form of governance; The 47 counties in Kenya have gradually moved to such form of governance by including public participation in their legislations, while a county like Narok which is among the 47 counties rarely conduct public participation while making county by-laws. The paper therefore, determines how training and nature influences public participation in governance in Narok County. Four theories were used: constraints theory, stakeholder’s theory, Arnstein’s participation ladder theory and the theory of moral unity in governance ethics. A descriptive research study was used. Since the target population was 800,000, sample size of 384 was used according to Mugenda and Mugenda in relation to target population. Stratified random sampling was used. The data was collected by the use of questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 27 and presented in percentages, frequencies and tables. The findings indicated that lack of training in governance and sensitizations of the citizen affects the effectiveness of public participation. The study recommends that the county management team and administrators should ensure that there is training and sensitization of public members, allocation of funds and practice of good governance which embraces equality, participation, democracy, transparency, accountability, efficiency and equality.Item Challenges and Opportunities of the African Union Peer Review Mechanism (AUPRM) in Enhancing Electoral Democracy Kenya Since 2003(IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2024) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.he Post-Cold War African Union (AU) adopted a good number of initiatives to address the seemingly perennial problems of poverty, underdevelopment, bad governance, corruption, instability and political decay, with an overarching intention of speeding up development in the continent. One notable initiative in this regard was the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). APRM’s ideological architecture represented a shift in the ideological thinking of African leaders as they sought to reverse the trend of lack of accountability, political despotism and corruption in an effort to embrace and enhance good governance and electoral democracy. Despite, the application of Peer Reviews, conflicts are still rampant and endless threat to peace and security in the continent. Although Kenya has undergone two APRM self-assessment processes, electoral violence and electoral malpractice still bedevils the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the challenges and opportunities of APRM in the promotion of Electoral Democracy in Kenya. The study was guided by Political Realism, Innovative Diplomatic and Neo-Functionalism Theories. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population included the actors and stakeholders in the APRM process. The sample size was 48. Purposive, census, stratified random sampling were used to determine samples. The questionnaire, interview schedule and FGD were used with Quantitative data being analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses were themed and frequencies done. The study established that political interference, inadequate staff, influence of partners, resource constrains, low publicity, delays and postponements, lack of evaluation, lack of an enforcement mechanism and voluntary participation as the main challenges facing APPM in Kenya. The study also identifies opportunities such APRM being benchmark for good governance on international standards, it gives a chance to evaluate governance, APRM helps in mainstreaming of the civil society on governance. Furthermore, it shows cases the country and gives the country an opportunity to evaluate national initiatives and enhance state corporation. The study recommended an all-inclusive process to limit state influence over the APRM process at all stages citing that APRM should be all inclusive. The study also recommended the adoption of an enforcement mechanism to enable implementation. The findings would be beneficial to partner-states of APRM with regard to promotion of Electoral Democracy.
- «
- 1 (current)
- 2
- 3
- »