School of Arts and Social Sciences

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Women’s Political Participation Opportunities in the Nakuru and Narok Counties of Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-02-28) Odhiambo,; et.al
This paper focused on the political opportunity to empower women in Nakuru and Narok counties of Kenya by conducting comparative evaluative research. Feminist Theory informed this study, which focuses on gender disparities and how political, economic, and social factors dictate women's roles and engagements. This research aimed to assess the KB clown sketches and their impact on women's political chances. A purposive sampling procedure was adopted in which 335 participants with critical informants, ordinary citizens, and young women interested in leadership positions were sampled. Quantitative and qualitative research was used, and questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions were used to collect data among women to understand the current political situation. Data analysis was done in two ways, which include descriptive and thematic analysis. The quantitative data from the administered questionnaires were analyzed descriptively to produce frequencies and percentages for the findings on women’s political participation opportunities. The information collected from interviews and focus group discussions was analyzed through thematic analysis to develop trends and findings on socio-cultural perspective, policy understanding, and institutional support for women in politics. Research outcomes revealed that despite the improvement in electoral democracy and female representation in the political process, barriers including but not limited to inadequate resource mobilization, conflict of cultures and practices, and unequal/ irregular championing of gender mainstreaming policies and frameworks still inhibit inclusion. These policies were deemed critical because they informed women as to how they could extend effective democracy in political systems while also ensuring that people in a community understood the gains that could be derived from having women's leadership. Research concluded that this can be achieved through efforts to strengthen mentorship programs, increase public appreciation for the importance of women's participation in leadership and governance, and improve the application of supportive policies and laws. Some recommendations focus on political capacity-building and gender sensitization training to empower women for political positions and call on the political parties to encourage gender parity on their list of candidates. Using media and technology in leadership and management to promote role-modeling to women leaders is also essential in establishing relationships and collaboration with other regional and global organizations on lobbying for women's political rights. Research into these matters should be conducted with backup data for a substantive approach to the progress of Nakuru, Narok, and other counties. Individually, these measures present a trajectory toward improving the environment of women's political participation in Kenya.
The Nature of Gender Mainstreaming Policies in Nakuru and Narok Counties, Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-02-18) Odhiambo , Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
This study examines the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies at various levels of public administration in Nakuru and Narok Counties, Kenya. It explores the integration of global conceptions, national policymaking, local self-governance, and feminist ideology in achieving gender equality. The research addresses the debate on the capacity of local versus national governments to implement gender equality initiatives. Feminist Theory guided this research. Using a comparative evaluative study design, the study investigates why these policies have not effectively increased women’s political participation. The target population comprised of elected leaders, civil society and the general public of Nakuru and Narok Counties. Stratified random sampling was employed to derive a sample of 335 respondents comprising of 92 elected leaders, 22 civil society members and 221 members of the general public. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions, involving key informants and community members. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics while qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions was analyzed through content analysis. Findings revealed that there was no good familiarity with gender mainstreaming by 135(40.3%). Most of those unfamiliar with gender mainstreaming were from Narok, 68 (50.7%) followed by Nakuru 67(33.3%). Similarly, research showed that a significant portion of respondents in both counties agreed to their awareness of equality and equity, with 32.8% (66) in Nakuru and 28.4% (38) in Narok. This suggests that many people in both Counties recognize the importance of these concepts. The study concludes that the government has significantly shaped these policies, which have advanced gender equality in various ways. However, challenges remain, requiring a comprehensive approach that includes legal reforms, cultural shifts, and targeted support programs. The research recommended that promoting gender-friendly political cultures, challenging patriarchal norms, and providing support and training are essential for empowering women to take on leadership roles and contribute to the political process. This holistic approach is crucial for achieving gender parity in politics and ensuring women’s voices are heard in decision-making.
Exploring the Interplay Between Multiagency Security Challenges and Economic Security in Lamu County, Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2025-02) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause
The article underscored challenges arising from multi agency security approach and economic security in Lamu County-Kenya. The specific objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of multi-agency security strategies adopted in enhancing economic security in Lamu County, Kenya. Various literatures were reviewed in a funnel shape from the global, continental, regional, national and then to area of study. The study was guided by system theory. It adopted descriptive research design since it was a mixed research approach. Purposive and snowballing sampling technique was utilized to reach respondents. Additionally, fishers formula was embraced to derive the sample size of 384 respondents since the target population was more than 10, 000 people from Lamu County, which has a total population of 143,920 persons according to Kenya 2019 census report. The data was analyzed by use of triangulation method of analysis whereby, content analysis, thematic analysis and verbatim quotations were used. The research article found out that lack of coordination and communication among security agencies significantly hampers multi-agency efforts to enhance economic security in Lamu County. Additionally, it emerged that, fragmented initiatives and resource limitations impede swift responses to evolving threats. Moreover, the research article concludes that; socio-political intolerance disrupts collaboration, fosters divided loyalties, and politicizes security efforts, undermining community trust and the impartiality of security measures. Therefore, the research article recommends that; in order to promote inclusivity and impartiality in security policies, ensuring measures are seen as fair and non-partisan, continuous training programs are essential for updating skills, particularly in technological and collaborative aspects of security
Effectiveness of Multitrack Diplomacy Actors in Critical Assessment of Kenya’s Presidential Election Outcomes, 2007-2017
(Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2021-02-18) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
In Kenya’s last four presidential elections, election observers had been seriously looked upon by both the Kenyan voters and the international community to provide alternative but credible information on the process and outcomes of presidential elections in Kenya. This was expected to promote legitimacy of the outcomes. Given that there was a dearth of specific scholarship to address the question, this study was conducted. This paper therefore examines the effectiveness of multitrack diplomacy in monitoring Kenya’s presidential election outcomes. The study was epistemological. It was conducted in 8 of the 17 constituencies of Nairobi City County which hosts the Kenya’s largest city and its capital with a natural representation of the population of the entire country. Out of the over 4 million residents of Nairobi City County, total sample size was 441 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 25 key informant interview respondents). The study reached 436 (384 questionnaire respondents, 32 focus group discussion participants and 20 key informant interview respondents) out of 4 million people. Targeted were Kenya citizens who had voted at least once for a presidential candidate in any of the presidential elections held between 2007 and 2017 for the survey; individuals working with and for government institutions in Kenya’s electoral systems especially the election management body, ministry of foreign affairs, members of parliament, the Chief Justice, pollsters, the media, non-governmental organizations, religious institutions across all faiths as to Muslims, Christians and Hindu, major political parties, former election observers and diplomatic missions. The study found that multitrack diplomacy (MTD) actors or election observer missions (EOMs) observed election irregularities to above 50%. They detected electoral fraud in the 2007 presidential elections, identified election irregularities in the 2013 and the 2017 presidential elections but could not deter nor prevent outcome fraud. The paper, based on the study, concluded that multitrack diplomacy actors that monitored the presidential elections were fairly effective, they had reasonable capacity, fairly above 50%. Overall, multitrack diplomacy is effective in monitoring of Kenya’s presidential election but inefficacious in preventing and deterring election outcome fraud. Multitrack diplomacy actors-the election observation missions (EOMs) to use enhanced technology to match the electoral systems technology, improve on their objectivity during monitoring and be granted full accesses by governments and election management bodies (EMBs) for systematic, comprehensive and accurate monitoring.
Challenges to Peaceful Nominations: Youth Participation in Politics in Homa Bay County, Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-02-18) Odhiambo,Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
This research article underscored challenges to peaceful nominations by focusing on youth participation in politics of Homa Bay County Kenya. The research reviewed various literatures that informed the findings of the study. The article was informed by two theories; institutionalism theory and pluralism theory. Since it was a qualitative study, it adopted cross sectional research design. Data was collected by use of interview guides, focus group discussions and secondary sources. It was analyzed by use of content and thematic analysis. The analyzed data was presented by use of themes and verbatim quotations. The researcher found out that; Political violence, fueled by socio-economic and ethnic tensions, disrupts peaceful nominations in Homa Bay, compromising democratic integrity and limiting youth participation. It concluded that; Political violence undermines Homa Bay’s democratic stability, fostering fear and exclusion. Institutional and pluralism theories support reforms for inclusive electoral processes. Therefore, the researcher recommended that; Strengthen electoral institutions, ensure transparency, foster socio-economic development, and promote dialogue to reduce political violence and support youth engagement.
Assessing the Socio-Economic Impact of the Chinese Transfer of Values, Skills, and Technology in Infrastructural Development in Kenya
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2023-02-18) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
This study assessed the socio-economic impact of Chinese principle of transfer of values, skills and technology in infrastructural development in Kenya. This study was based on dependency, modernization and power theories which informed the conceptual framework of the research. This study adopted descriptive research design. Data was collected by the use of Questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussion and desk top review. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in bar graphs, tables and percentages. The study found that during Chinese infrastructural development in Kenya, the informal sector benefited from China's skill transfer. The study concluded that Kenya-China bilateral relations has impacted positively on Kenya's international relation which is indicated by increased Foreign Direct Investments into Kenya by specifically Western states. The researcher recommends that Kenyan government should formulate a policy that will ensure that the technological skills impacted on Kenyan workers by the Chinese construction firms should be improved and included in the Kenyan schools’ curriculum.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Local-Based Approaches Adopted Towards Addressing Terrorism in Lamu County, Kenya and Baadadhe District, Somalia
(African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-02-18) Odhiambo, Elijah Onyango Standslause; et.al
In the global context, terrorism has evolved into a complex and transnational threat. Al-Shabaab posed significant threats, particularly to East African countries, due to its capacity for numerous attacks in Somalia and neighboring nations. Despite employing alternative strategies, such as a multiagency and comprehensive government approach to tackle terrorism in Lamu and Baadadhe, acts of terror persisted in the region. The study explored the efficacy of a populace-centered approach in curbing terrorism in Somalia and Kenya. The populace-centered approach aimed to actively involve the local population in Lamu County, Basuba Ward, in socio-economic development initiated by security personnel to address the root cause of insecurity problems. The approach was guided by the Securitization theory, System theory, and Power theory, which held a significant relationship with the terror threats and insecurity challenges in Lamu County and Baadadhe district. The study employed a descriptive research design with stratified sampling, with target population 4506 and a sample size of 363 obtained through Slovin sampling formula. It gathered stakeholders' perspectives through questionnaires, interviews, and group discussions. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses . Quantitative data was analyzed through statistical analysis while qualitative data was analyzed thematic analysis. The analysis revealed community responses to terrorism, including physical and cyber threats, through initiatives like neighborhood watch groups and religious collaborations. The study highlighted the importance of strengthening existing structures like neighborhood watch groups and enhancing collaborations with religious leaders and schools. The study concluded that the populace involvement in countering terrorism in Lamu, Kenya and Baadadhe, Somalia reflects a vigilant and multifaceted approach encompassing various aspects, from physical to cyber threats. Further, the research concluded that populace-centered approach is effective in curbing terrorism through information sharing. The study recommended for active involvement of community leaders in security committees and advocated for a legal framework supporting a populace-centered approach to counter-terrorism. Policymakers and security agencies should consider diverse economic and environmental contexts in Lamu County, Kenya, Baadadhe, Somalia
The Relationship between Inter-Organizational Relations and Leadership Performance in the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of South Sudan
(Open Journal of Political Science, 2023-06-12) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of political-adminis trative interface on leadership performance in the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of South Sudan. The study was guided by Leader Member Ex change Theory. The study adopted quantitative descriptive research design targeting 1973 employees working in the Ministry of Petroleum. The re searcher adopted Yamane sampling formula to arrive at 333 employees as the sample size. The main data source was primary data collected using ques tionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics techniques were used to ana lyse quantitative data which include frequencies, percentages and mean. Re gression analysis technique was used to analyse the inferential statistics and to test the set hypotheses. The findings were presented in the form of tables and figures. The study established significant influence of inter-organizational relations on leadership performance in the Ministry of Petroleum and as sessed intervention strategies that could be adopted to improve public lea dership effectiveness in the Ministry of Petroleum. The study further con cluded that the poor leadership performance in the Ministry of Petroleum of the Republic of South Sudan was due to inter-organizational relations caused by ineffective organizational structures. The study recommends that the Ministry of Petroleum should enhance the institutional structures for improved leadership performance there should be checks and balances in the operation of the ministry to achieve the desired accountability. Such checks and balances will go a long achieving operation efficiency and optimum resource utilization
The Origins and Evolution of Anglo-Kenyan Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963
(Open Access Library Journal, 2021-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Military professionalism has three characteristic: expertise, social responsibil ity and corporateness. Africa as a continent has faced numerous coup d’état because of lack of military professionalism, ethnic and tribal biases in re cruitment and promotion. Politicization of the military and militarization of politics and legacy of colonialism was perfected by Africans who became mil itary head as their countries got their independence. While the independence period has witnessed cordial diplomatic, trade and economic relations be tween the two countries, the ideal military professionalism is a key factor in interstate diplomatic relations. Anglo-Kenyan military diplomatic relations have been beset with challenges embedded in military professionalism on both sides. These include challenges in professional training, academic train ing and character development in terms of military Diplomatic relations. It was, therefore, imperative that this study sought to trace the origin and evo lution of Anglo-Kenyan military diplomatic relations since 1963 when Kenya got her independence. The study was informed by realist theory. The study adopted mixed approach which included: historical research design was used while the sample size was 384. The study used simple random sampling me thod and purposive sampling to distribute 196 KDF and BATUK soldiers across Archer’s Post training area and 188 key stakeholders, key informants and knowledgeable locals (indigenous) and residents in the training area. The instruments used for collecting data from the field were: observation, ques tionnaires, In-depth interview guide, Archival documents and secondary da ta. Data were analyzed with the aid of statistical package for social sciences software (SPSS) version 27. The finding is presented in prose. The findings were: Kenya soveignity is compromised by the permanent BATUK bases in the country. Eavesdropping by BATUK a foreign troop poses a threat to Kenya’s national security. British had three major interests in Kenya which were: to ensure that Kenya remained socially, economically and politically friendly to Britain, the retention of “forward basing”.
The Impact Of Security Measures On Enhancing Customer Satisfaction With Service In Juja Mall, Kiambu County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS), 2023-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of security measures on enhancing customer satisfaction with service in Juja Mall, Kiambu County, Kenya. The assumption of the study is that global security concerns have prompted the need for heightened security measures in public spaces, including shopping malls, due to the prevalence of terrorism, organized crime, cyber threats, and other security issues. Customer safety is paramount when engaging in activities such as shopping, making effective security measures crucial for enhancing customer satisfaction. Kenyan shopping malls have implemented various security measures in response to escalating security threats, including terrorism. The research focused on three key groups of participants and the total number was 2120. The objectives are to assess the impact of security personnel presence on customer satisfaction with the security services at Juja Mall to analyse impact of technological security measures (e.g., surveillance cameras, access control systems) on customer satisfaction with the security services at Juja Mall. To Examine the impact of physical security infrastructure (e.g., lighting, fencing, emergency exits) on customer satisfaction with the security services at Juja Mall. The sample size of 385 participants was distributed across the different target groups as determined by the calculations, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the study objectives. Findings from the study at Juja Mall indicate nuanced customer perceptions regarding the impact of security personnel presence. While many customers appreciate the adequate number of security personnel and their strategic placement near high-risk areas or entrances, some respondents remain neutral or express dissatisfaction. Concerns also emerged regarding the visibility and effectiveness of security personnel during peak hours, suggesting the need for improved strategies and communication. Customers displayed mixed opinions in regard to security measures, such as use of surveillance camera. Some believed they enhance security, while others were unconvinced. Concerns also arose about camera coverage, access control systems, and emergency alarm systems, indicating room for improvement. Customer perceptions of physical security infrastructure at Juja Mall varied. Lighting levels were generally satisfactory but could be better aligned with customer expectations. Fencing and barrier effectiveness varied among customers, emphasizing the need for evaluation. Emergency exit accessibility and vehicle security measures also drew mixed feedback, highlighting areas for improvement. The study used a mixed method. In conclusion, customers hold diverse perceptions about security measures in shopping malls. To enhance customer satisfaction, malls should improve security personnel visibility, communication about technological security measures, lighting to meet customer expectations, and effectiveness of physical security infrastructure.
The Aftermath of Disarmament on Community Security in Warrap State, South Sudan: The Case of Gogrial East Count
(African Journal of Empirical Research https://ajernet.net, 2024-04-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
South Sudan has been in the limelight for security-related issues stretching beyond the independence and autonomy of the country. The insecurity saw many people armed with weapons in pursuit of protecting themselves from the constant insecurity. Traditionally, security issues were confined to the realm of states; however, a new emerging paradigm of security has given the community a say on these issues by putting the individual at the center of the debate. The fundamental indicators of community security in Gogrial East in the aftermath of disarmament are the safety of the local people in their communities, the protection of their animals while grazing in fields and at watering points, their security at home, their protection against raid attacks from armed clans, and human killings involving firearms. The purpose of the study was to establish the aftermath of civilian disarmament in Warrap State, South Sudan. This study was guided by the Post-Modernist Approach and Neo-Realist Approach theories. The study utilized a qualitative research design. The target population was 146,276. The village elders in the area of study, youth who serve as warriors in the cattle camps, and members of the Peace Committees in the homesteads formed the sample size. Additionally, representatives of law enforcement officers (LEOs) from the Sudan People's Defense Force, South Sudan National Police Services, and the Community Police. Lastly, the study incorporated key informants (KI) such as politicians, CSOs, and community elders. The study adopted purposive sampling, stratified sampling, and random sampling with the strata of interest; a sample size of 110 using Mugenda and Mugenda and Borg and Gall formulas was used. Primary and secondary data collection were used. Questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions were the data collection instruments. The study adopted multiple sources of data, ranging from primary to secondary. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. The qualitative data captured was analyzed using a narrative approach. The study found that the government of South Sudan and the military comprehend their role to protect the state, but more importantly, the people of South Sudan as stipulated in the constitution, especially those affected by the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. On a positive note, the level of state security after the disarmament of 2018, especially the security of the local people in their communities and the safety of their animals while grazing in fields and at watering points, there is security at their homes (cattle camps), and their protection against raid attacks from armed clans and human killings involving firearms in Gogrial East County is significantly safer currently. As the SSPDF continues to refine the disarmament program and operations in Gogrial East, the need for increased focus on community security has also increased. The study recommends that state and civil society organizations should look for ways to supplement community safety initiatives by funding educational and employment-generating initiatives so that children, youth, the unemployed, and other marginalized groups have more opportunities to secure gainful employment. This process will address some of the root causes of personal, community, and national insecurity. Mental disarmament of communities rather than physical disarmament is preferred. If the communities are mentally disarmed to fully understand the danger of illegal firearms and get assurance of their protection by the government, they will voluntarily surrender their arms.
Role of Chinese Economic Diplomacy in Fostering Infrastructural Development in Kenya Since 1963
(African Journal of Empirical Research https://ajernet.net, 2023-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
This study investigated the role of Chinese economic diplomacy in fostering infrastructural development in Kenya since 1963. The focus was on how this partnership manifests itself in infrastructure development. This study was anchored on power theory, modernization, and dependency theories, which were triangulated to inform the conceptual framework of the study. This study adopted historical, cross-cultural, and survey research designs. Questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions were the data collection instruments. The study adopted multiple sources of data, ranging from primary to secondary. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. The study found that the most popular principle in China-Kenya relations was that of mutual benefit. This study further revealed that Kenya is still largely reliant on its traditional donors for funding and that its relations with China have even strengthened its ties with Western countries. The findings further revealed that Chinese investment in Kenya's development of infrastructure was significantly beneficial to Kenya's informal sector because the lower cadre of employees, who are the majority, are acquiring skills that make them start their own businesses. Kenya should further strengthen its ties with China. Kenyan traders should take advantage of the recent lowering of export tariffs by China to encourage Kenyans to export more products to China. The Kenyan government, through its relevant agencies, should also put in place regulatory measures to ensure that Chinese imports are of standard quality. China should offer more aid to Kenya to mitigate the deficit, or in certain cases, curtail Chinese exports to reduce the imbalance.
Religion and Crime: Exploring the Link towards Crime Prevention in Bungoma County, Kenya
(International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research (IJMCER), 2022-11-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Over the last five decades there has been growing interest in the nature of the relationship between religion and crime. In general, researchers have sought to determine if being more or less religious has anything to do with why people do or do notcommit crime. Scholars from diverse disciplines, including criminologists and theologians interested in this line of inquiry have sought to provide empirical insights to this important question, however, the link between religion and crimes is debatable. Link between religion and crime remains an unsettled and controversial topic, because of different religious and cultural beliefs that exist globally and in the study area the gap is wide. The research objectives sought toestablishwhether the link between religion and crimes existand usefulness of religion in crime prevention.One theory informed this study namelySocial Control Theory.The study adopted a descriptive survey research design asappropriate because the research problem under investigation was descriptive in nature, appropriate for collecting, analyzing, and presenting the data. A sample size of125 was derived from a target population of 1250 key respondents in Bungoma county where mixed research was applied. The research tools included In-depth Interviews, desk review, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussion. Earlier findings indicatedreligion as crucial for maintaining social order and fostering a set of common values and beliefs in the society as a way of preventing crime. The study revealed an inverse link between religiosity and crime which suggests that religion is usefulin suppressing criminality behavior.Where education sector especially schools sponsored by religious organizations,and presents of traditional churches, the vicinityrecorded less crime in the neighbourhood. The study recommendsthe need for criminologist to factor in religion as one method to prevent crimes in the community.
Psychological First Aid Practices Applied By Humanitarian Responders during Disasters in Kakamega County, Kenya
(International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9(09), 2022-09-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
The need for Psychological first aid (PFA) is very significant during a disaster impact or any other traumatic event. Globally it was used in the United States of America following September 11th 2001 bombing, regionally in Liberia during Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015 and locally in Kenya during Westgate mall terror attack in September 24th 2013. The study objective was to examine PFA practices applied by humanitarian responders during disasters because of a literature gap in PFA effectiveness. There is additional academic literature as existing research only explains PFA elements and its delivery process, however, there lacks evidence on effectiveness but this study has filled that gap. In terms of policy front, there existed a gap in Kakamega County disaster policy as it partially addresses PFA during disaster recovery. A conceptual framework consisting of self-efficacy theory, coping theory, disaster cross cultural counseling model and Community-based mental health and psychosocial support model was used to analyze PFA effectiveness. A descriptive research design was used, descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained by using SPSS software version 28 and excel spreadsheets respectively for data analysis. The study findings revealed that the most applied element is social connectedness at 92.2% and the least is hope at 56.2%. The study concludes that all PFA elements are not incorporated well enough therefore a detailed approach is required. The study recommends Kakamega County to maintain an effective system linking County Disaster committee, humanitarian organizations and local responders for improved disaster response and recovery.
Nature of Human Trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’ a South Sub-County, Kenya
(Open Access Library Journal, 2022-09-19) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Human trafficking is identified as one of the most widespread organized crimes against humanity across the globe. The vice has huge implications for human rights and human dignity in the civilized world. While large scores of profits and influence for criminal organizations fuel human trafficking, it is also coupled with human suffering, deaths, exploitation, slavery and loss of human dignity for its victims. Therein, this study sorts to explore the nature of human trafficking to Saudi Arabia from Murang’a South sub-county. The paper was informed by foreign policy analysis theories that included the Ac tor specific theory, decision making theory, comparative foreign policy theory and of transnational organized crime theory. Exploratory research design was employed to establish the prevalence levels of human trafficking and the fac tors influencing human trafficking in Murang’a South Sub-County. Purposive sampling and snowballing sampling techniques were used to gather sample population. Primary data was collected through surveys, interviews and focus group discussions, while secondary data through foreign and public policy document analysis. The researcher used Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) for data analysis. Consequently, Data was presented using tables, charts, bar charts and graphs to underscore various relationships between the inde pendent and dependent variables. The findings of the research indicated that human trafficking is an ongoing contemporary social problem rooted in in tergenerational occupational injustices and factors such as poverty, level of education, ignorance and criminal activities. These factors of predisposition are further compounded by insufficient government regulation and enforce ment failures that occur on various paths of public service delivery. The study noted that the increase in bilateral trade ties between Kenya and Saudi Arabia and the promise of employment lured many victims to traps of human traf fickers. The study recommends that Kenya should create awareness and cation campaign on susceptibility to human trafficking through enforcement and implementation of anti-trafficking strategies.
The Nature and Extent of Human-Wildlife Conflict Effect on Socio- Economic Development and Educational Development in Baringo North Sub County, Kenya
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2022-10-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Kenya Wildlife Service has invested heavily in implementation of strategies as a concerted effort by the government to curb Human Wildlife Conflict in Kenya. Despite this effort, cases of Human Wildlife Conflicts are still being reported. Various existing policies seem not to offer solutions to the prevailing Human Wildlife Conflict. It’s on this foundation that the study sort to examine the nature and extent of human wildlife conflicts in Baringo North Sub-County, Kenya. This study was guided by Stern Theory of Value Belief Norm; Kenneth’s and Kilmann’s Conflict Styles theory and Dollard’s Frustration Aggression Displacement theory. A descriptive survey research design was used. The study population was; Government field officers, Civil society leaders, KWS official, Opinion leaders, Teachers, Community based organizations, Leaders of Farmers Corporations, Village elders and victims of human wildlife conflicts, totaling to 329 respondents. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation checklist and Focus Group Discussions. Descriptive analysis using quantitative and qualitative techniques were used in the study. While quantitative data was presented in form of frequencies and percentage, in tables, charts and graphs, qualitative data was presented thematically through narratives reports and verbatim quotations. Findings indicated that there was risk of the children meeting wild animals as they cross paths with wild animals as they go to school or attend their daily chores, hence they face imminent injuries and death. Most wildlife attack people during the day as they work in their farms. Snakes and elephants were the most reported as wild animals that attack the people. Shared water and food resources were indicated as the main cause of the HWC. Poverty and overpopulation were identified as the main drivers of HWC and that wildlife habitats are disappearing at an alarming rate. The study recommends that government should resolve HWC by generating, lasting solutions. Such solutions include fencing off the reserve to keep off roaming wildlife and those injured together with the crops destroyed should be adequately compensated.
Nature and Extent of Energy Sector Management System with Regard to Electrical Fire Disaster in Kisumu County, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022-08-16) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Quality Management has become essential in many organizations with aim of capitalizing on the sources for improvement through quality goal setting and measurement. Deficiency in exploring quality management systems in utility power transmission and distribution systems, are described along with their observed vulnerabilities to electrical fire disasters in Kisumu County. The perfect Quality Management System is not adhered to in energy sector, power lines design, electric equipment, and systems planning doesn’t meet specific prescribed quality standards. The paper therefore examines the nature and extent of energy sectors quality management systems with regard to electrical fire disaster in Kisumu County. The study adopted Cross-functional management model and Crosby Theory of Quality theories. A descriptive research design was used in the study. Purposive, census and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select a sample size from the energy sectors; Kenya Power and Lighting Company, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, Kenya Energy Generating Company and customers connected to electricity grid. The structured questionnaires, interviews guides and observation methods were used to collect data. Findings indicated that lack of electrical fire disaster planning, design of power equipment and power line design were factors contributing to electrical fire disasters. Poor quality power equipment were factors hindering quality service provision. The paper recommends that Kenya energy organizations should foster coordination for quality service delivered. Energy sector to create awareness of departmental procedures on how quality management should be implemented to its customers, ensure electrical fire disaster planning and adapt effective power line designs to prevent electric disasters.
KENYA-UGANDA TRANSBOUNDARY DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS WITH REGARD TO PROMOTION OF BILATERAL ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT
(Journal of Defense Resources Management, 2023-11-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Transboundary disputes over Lake Victoria between Kenya and Uganda concern resources in the marine zone. This transboundary confl ict has had a negative impact on managing economic security since it has not been adequately addressed in resolutions. This study evaluates the strategies for resolving transboundary disputes between Kenya and Uganda in light of strengthening bilateral economic security management. The study was infl uenced by the structural-functionalist philosophy, social confl ict, and John Burton’s theory of confl ict resolution. The research design used in the study was descriptive. The samples were chosen using simple random sampling methods and purposive sampling techniques. Philosophically, the work provided a foundation for future research and helped us comprehend transboundary issues and how to manage them. Findings indicated that mediation and conciliation were the most used mechanism in resolving disputes in Lake Victoria. However, this approach has not reach zenith as far as managing dispute between Kenya and Uganda is concerned. The study recommends that, sensitization programs tailored towards eff ective dispute management be put into place and awareness programs disseminated along contested boundaries. In this regard, economic security management will be bolstered well
Security-Diplomacy Nexus: Nature of Bilateral Cooperation in Kenya - India Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963
(2 African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-10-01) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
Bilateral and multilateral agreements have been one of the mechanisms through which growth and development have taken place. The newly created independent states of the Cold War period presented a major paradigm shift in international cooperation to include military diplomacy. Kenya and India being among these newly created states have had their cooperation where by the two countries have used their good diplomatic relations to bolster one another's military capabilities. The current study sought to put into perspective the conduct of bilateral relations between Kenya and India. The objective of this study was to examine the nature of bilateral cooperation in enhancing Kenya-India military-diplomatic relations since 1963. The study was anchored on power theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya with a specific focus on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Defence Ministry, and Indian High Commission. The target population was 2500. The sample size for the study was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula to calculate the sample size, which was 250 Qualitative data obtained from interviews were analysed using narrative reports using thematic techniques. Quantitative data from the questionnaires was edited, coded, and entered into a computer spreadsheet in a standard format to allow descriptive statistics analysis. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) edition 24 and Microsoft Office Excel 2013 were used for the quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed that the nature of Kenya-India military diplomatic relations manifested in various forms including through High-profile visits by Kenyan and Indian officials to both states as a way of strengthening bilateral relations. Technological transfer was another way through which these two nations shaped their diplomatic relationship, particularly in information and communication technology (ICT). Additionally, Defense trade and trade agreements, Security Partnerships, Counterterrorism activities, Maritime Safety, and Peacekeeping missions were common areas of cooperation between Kenya and India. The study concludes that bilateral cooperation between Kenya and India has been instrumental in enhancing their militarydiplomatic relations since 1963. The study recommends that, to better understand the nature of bilateral cooperation, Kenya and India should establish a permanent joint military commission to oversee and coordinate defense initiatives.
Investigation Into Security Strategies on Crime Management by the United Nations Mission in Unity State, South Sudan
(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-05-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.
It is historical reality that thousands of people have been exposed to all forms of crimes in communities. Those affected by crime are men, women, children, youth, and some elders and this directly affect economic and social development in Countries. To obtain sustainable peace, it require an essential on the security strategy to formulate to prevent and prosecute the perpetrators thus reducing the number of crimes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the security strategies on crime management by the United Nations mission in Unity State, South Sudan. The study was guided by the social conflict theory explaining the context of the problem. The research methodology and resign was interpretive approach and descriptive survey research design respectively. The study used stratified sampling technique and selects a sample size of 255 respondents. The questionnaires were administered to all the respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistical methods which include measures of the central tendency mean, mode, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Both SPSS and excel will form the tools of analysis. The frequency tables, pie charts, and bar graphs were used to present the data. The study findings showed that community led, social development, economic dynamics and community dialogue strategies are essential elements in crime management. The government and authorities should develop policies that enhance unique and sustainable strategies to curb crime management provided by the study

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