School of Arts and Social Sciences
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Item The Aftermath of Disarmament on Community Security in Warrap State, South Sudan: The Case of Gogrial East Count(African Journal of Empirical Research https://ajernet.net, 2024-04-13) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.South Sudan has been in the limelight for security-related issues stretching beyond the independence and autonomy of the country. The insecurity saw many people armed with weapons in pursuit of protecting themselves from the constant insecurity. Traditionally, security issues were confined to the realm of states; however, a new emerging paradigm of security has given the community a say on these issues by putting the individual at the center of the debate. The fundamental indicators of community security in Gogrial East in the aftermath of disarmament are the safety of the local people in their communities, the protection of their animals while grazing in fields and at watering points, their security at home, their protection against raid attacks from armed clans, and human killings involving firearms. The purpose of the study was to establish the aftermath of civilian disarmament in Warrap State, South Sudan. This study was guided by the Post-Modernist Approach and Neo-Realist Approach theories. The study utilized a qualitative research design. The target population was 146,276. The village elders in the area of study, youth who serve as warriors in the cattle camps, and members of the Peace Committees in the homesteads formed the sample size. Additionally, representatives of law enforcement officers (LEOs) from the Sudan People's Defense Force, South Sudan National Police Services, and the Community Police. Lastly, the study incorporated key informants (KI) such as politicians, CSOs, and community elders. The study adopted purposive sampling, stratified sampling, and random sampling with the strata of interest; a sample size of 110 using Mugenda and Mugenda and Borg and Gall formulas was used. Primary and secondary data collection were used. Questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions were the data collection instruments. The study adopted multiple sources of data, ranging from primary to secondary. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used for data analysis and presentation. The data obtained was presented in percentages, pie charts, bar graphs, and tables. The qualitative data captured was analyzed using a narrative approach. The study found that the government of South Sudan and the military comprehend their role to protect the state, but more importantly, the people of South Sudan as stipulated in the constitution, especially those affected by the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. On a positive note, the level of state security after the disarmament of 2018, especially the security of the local people in their communities and the safety of their animals while grazing in fields and at watering points, there is security at their homes (cattle camps), and their protection against raid attacks from armed clans and human killings involving firearms in Gogrial East County is significantly safer currently. As the SSPDF continues to refine the disarmament program and operations in Gogrial East, the need for increased focus on community security has also increased. The study recommends that state and civil society organizations should look for ways to supplement community safety initiatives by funding educational and employment-generating initiatives so that children, youth, the unemployed, and other marginalized groups have more opportunities to secure gainful employment. This process will address some of the root causes of personal, community, and national insecurity. Mental disarmament of communities rather than physical disarmament is preferred. If the communities are mentally disarmed to fully understand the danger of illegal firearms and get assurance of their protection by the government, they will voluntarily surrender their arms.Item Security-Diplomacy Nexus: Nature of Bilateral Cooperation in Kenya - India Military Diplomatic Relations Since 1963(2 African Journal of Empirical Research, 2024-10-01) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Bilateral and multilateral agreements have been one of the mechanisms through which growth and development have taken place. The newly created independent states of the Cold War period presented a major paradigm shift in international cooperation to include military diplomacy. Kenya and India being among these newly created states have had their cooperation where by the two countries have used their good diplomatic relations to bolster one another's military capabilities. The current study sought to put into perspective the conduct of bilateral relations between Kenya and India. The objective of this study was to examine the nature of bilateral cooperation in enhancing Kenya-India military-diplomatic relations since 1963. The study was anchored on power theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study was carried out in Nairobi County, Kenya with a specific focus on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Defence Ministry, and Indian High Commission. The target population was 2500. The sample size for the study was determined using Yamane's (1967) formula to calculate the sample size, which was 250 Qualitative data obtained from interviews were analysed using narrative reports using thematic techniques. Quantitative data from the questionnaires was edited, coded, and entered into a computer spreadsheet in a standard format to allow descriptive statistics analysis. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) edition 24 and Microsoft Office Excel 2013 were used for the quantitative data. The findings of the study revealed that the nature of Kenya-India military diplomatic relations manifested in various forms including through High-profile visits by Kenyan and Indian officials to both states as a way of strengthening bilateral relations. Technological transfer was another way through which these two nations shaped their diplomatic relationship, particularly in information and communication technology (ICT). Additionally, Defense trade and trade agreements, Security Partnerships, Counterterrorism activities, Maritime Safety, and Peacekeeping missions were common areas of cooperation between Kenya and India. The study concludes that bilateral cooperation between Kenya and India has been instrumental in enhancing their militarydiplomatic relations since 1963. The study recommends that, to better understand the nature of bilateral cooperation, Kenya and India should establish a permanent joint military commission to oversee and coordinate defense initiatives.Item Investigation Into Security Strategies on Crime Management by the United Nations Mission in Unity State, South Sudan(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-05-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.It is historical reality that thousands of people have been exposed to all forms of crimes in communities. Those affected by crime are men, women, children, youth, and some elders and this directly affect economic and social development in Countries. To obtain sustainable peace, it require an essential on the security strategy to formulate to prevent and prosecute the perpetrators thus reducing the number of crimes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the security strategies on crime management by the United Nations mission in Unity State, South Sudan. The study was guided by the social conflict theory explaining the context of the problem. The research methodology and resign was interpretive approach and descriptive survey research design respectively. The study used stratified sampling technique and selects a sample size of 255 respondents. The questionnaires were administered to all the respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistical methods which include measures of the central tendency mean, mode, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Both SPSS and excel will form the tools of analysis. The frequency tables, pie charts, and bar graphs were used to present the data. The study findings showed that community led, social development, economic dynamics and community dialogue strategies are essential elements in crime management. The government and authorities should develop policies that enhance unique and sustainable strategies to curb crime management provided by the studyItem Influence Of Public Trust in the Police on Crime Reporting Behavior in Kamukunji Subcounty, Nairobi County, Kenya(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2024-06-30) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Crime reporting behavior plays a pivotal role in effective law enforcement and crime prevention, yet global underreporting persists due to diverse cultural, social, and institutional factors. Within Kamukunji Sub-County, a substantial portion of crimes, about 40%, remains unreported annually, highlighting significant discrepancies in official crime data. This research aims to assess how perceived police responsiveness, confidence in police integrity, willingness to cooperate with police, and satisfaction with police services influence crime reporting behavior. Employing a mixed-method approach drawing from the Perceived Behavioral Control and Socio Ecological Model, the study utilizes quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather insights. The analysis reveals that residents' perceptions of police responsiveness significantly impact crime reporting behavior in Kamukunji Sub-County. Issues such as delayed police response, perceived ineffectiveness, and lack of preparedness among responding officers contribute to widespread dissatisfaction. Furthermore, deficiencies in follow-up actions and communication from law enforcement agencies exacerbate trust deficits and hinder formal crime reporting. Examining confidence in police integrity uncovers pervasive skepticism and distrust among residents, particularly concerning honesty, ethical conduct, and fairness in treatment. Dissatisfaction with the transparency and accountability of police operations further diminishes trust and cooperation with law enforcement, hindering efforts to promote crime reporting behaviors. Residents' willingness to engage with law enforcement and report crimes is influenced by trust deficits and gaps between expectations and perceived reality regarding police effectiveness and accountability. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to address trust deficits, enhance community engagement, and promote cooperation with law enforcement agencies to ensure effective crime reporting and community safety in Kamukunji Sub-County.Item Challenges and Opportunities of the African Union Peer Review Mechanism (AUPRM) in Enhancing Electoral Democracy Kenya Since 2003(IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2024) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.he Post-Cold War African Union (AU) adopted a good number of initiatives to address the seemingly perennial problems of poverty, underdevelopment, bad governance, corruption, instability and political decay, with an overarching intention of speeding up development in the continent. One notable initiative in this regard was the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). APRM’s ideological architecture represented a shift in the ideological thinking of African leaders as they sought to reverse the trend of lack of accountability, political despotism and corruption in an effort to embrace and enhance good governance and electoral democracy. Despite, the application of Peer Reviews, conflicts are still rampant and endless threat to peace and security in the continent. Although Kenya has undergone two APRM self-assessment processes, electoral violence and electoral malpractice still bedevils the country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the challenges and opportunities of APRM in the promotion of Electoral Democracy in Kenya. The study was guided by Political Realism, Innovative Diplomatic and Neo-Functionalism Theories. The study employed descriptive research design. The target population included the actors and stakeholders in the APRM process. The sample size was 48. Purposive, census, stratified random sampling were used to determine samples. The questionnaire, interview schedule and FGD were used with Quantitative data being analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data responses were themed and frequencies done. The study established that political interference, inadequate staff, influence of partners, resource constrains, low publicity, delays and postponements, lack of evaluation, lack of an enforcement mechanism and voluntary participation as the main challenges facing APPM in Kenya. The study also identifies opportunities such APRM being benchmark for good governance on international standards, it gives a chance to evaluate governance, APRM helps in mainstreaming of the civil society on governance. Furthermore, it shows cases the country and gives the country an opportunity to evaluate national initiatives and enhance state corporation. The study recommended an all-inclusive process to limit state influence over the APRM process at all stages citing that APRM should be all inclusive. The study also recommended the adoption of an enforcement mechanism to enable implementation. The findings would be beneficial to partner-states of APRM with regard to promotion of Electoral Democracy.Item ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE CAUSES OF ACTS OF TERRORISM IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA(GUSAU JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, 2024-05-01) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.Nowadays, terrorism is one of the biggest problems confronting the world. Terrorism and insecurity pose significant global concerns and Nigeria has been bedeviled by a number of security challenges, the most prominent being that of Boko Haram. Worldwide, terrorism continues to become more concentrated, with 57 countries reporting a terror attack in 2022, compared to 59 in 2021 and 74 in 2015 when terrorism reached its peak. Terrorism was most concentrated in the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa, where 65 per cent of attacks in the region took place in the ten countries in the region. In Nigeria, the impact of terrorism, however, witnessed a temporal decline; with total deaths falling by 23 per cent, decreasing from 497 in 2021 to 385 in 2022.This study assessed public perception on the causes of acts of terrorism in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. In Jos North, a combination of factors-economic, political and identity - has instigated violence over the years, producing segregation in the city mainly along ethnic lines. The sample for this study is made up of four hundred and twenty (420) respondents drawn from a total population of 917,000, using a combination of probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The study sample was determined using the sample size determination table by Krejcie and Morgan. The survey gathered responses from 403 out of 420, with a response rate of 96%. Data were analyzed through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. The study was guided by the social structure and anomie theory. It was found from this study that respondents attributed the causes of acts of terrorism in the study area to political marginalization, injustice, poverty, unemployment, and negative religious teaching. The consequences of terrorism are significant and have wide-ranging impacts on the community by way of economic and social disruption. In light of the above findings, the study recommends the need to address political marginalization through inclusive governance, tackling injustice through fair legal systems, implementing policies to mitigate poverty, reduce unemployment and promote positive teachings to counteract negative influences. Additionally, there is the need to encourage community engagement and education, to mitigate the root causes of terrorism.Item ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF COMPLIANCE OF MOTOR CYCLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATORS WITH ROAD SAFETY REGULATIONS IN GUCHA SUB COUNTY.(African Journal of Social, 2024-10-20) Odhiambo, E. Onyango Standslause; et.al.The study examines the impacts of compliance of motor cycle public transport operators with road safety regulations. The study focused on Gucha sub-county within Kisii County in Kenya. The entire population of this sub-county is ninety-three thousand five hundred and thirty people. This was the target population with emphasis on four groups of people thus riders, passengers, traffic police and health professionals. The sample size of this study was 220 which was attained using simple random sampling method. The tools that were used to collect data include questionnaire with structured and unstructured questions and an interview guide. The pilot study was conducted in Nyaribari Chache sub-county within Kisii County. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics by organizing it into frequency distribution tables and percentages. The study found that adherence to road safety regulations enhances personal safety, albeit at increased operational costs. Evidence shows reduced accidents, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced operational efficiency, highlighting the benefits and challenges of compliance in enhancing overall safety and service quality. By doing so, they are not only able to improve the safety results but also optimize the efficacy regarding the motorcycle public transport in the region, which can lead to the sustainability of the particular companies and their ability to withstand the regulatory changes. There is an urgent need to strengthen the performance of measures relating to enforcement of the existing road safety legal requirements. Policy makers should encourage the operators to put more funds into safety by allowing any form of tax credit for capital expenditure to be deposited in new safety equipment and other improved infrastructure.